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A-Level Biology > 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is water polar?

A

Oxygen is ẟ negative and hydrogen is ẟ positive

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2
Q

Bond that attracts water molecules to eachother

A

Hydrogen

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3
Q

Give 5 properties of water

A 
High SHC
Less dense as solid
Cohesion - surface tension
Adhesion
Universal solvent
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4
Q

How to test for reducing sugars

A

Equal volume of Benedict’s and heat

+ = blue to red

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5
Q

How to test for reducing sugars

A

Boil with HCL and add Benedict’s

+ = blue to red

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6
Q

Test for starch

A

Add a few drops of iodine

+ = orange to black

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7
Q

Test for proteins

A

Equal volume of Biuret A and B

+ = blue to violet

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8
Q

Test for lipids

A

Add alcohol and water, shake

+ = white emulsion forms on top

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9
Q

Define macronutrient

A

Nutrients that are needed in large amounts and provide body with energy

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10
Q

4 examples of macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Water (but no calories)

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11
Q

Define micronutrients

A

Nutrients that are needed in small amounts and important for normal functioning of the body

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12
Q

4 examples of micronutrients

A 
Hydrogen ions (pH)
Iron ions (haemoglobin)
Sodium ions (AA, CNS)
Phosphate ions (DNA and ATP
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13
Q

Define organic

A

Contains carbon

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14
Q

Name the monomer of carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Name the di-saccharides of carbohydrates

A

Sucrose, maltose

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16
Q

Name the polysaccharides of carbohydrates

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

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17
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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18
Q

Two types of glucose

A

Alpha and Beta

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19
Q

Alpha Beta glucose difference

A

Alpha - H Beta - OH

OH H

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20
Q

Bond in fructose

A

Carbon 2 and Carbon 5

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21
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

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22
Q

……………+……………= maltose

A

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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23
Q

……………+……………= sucorse

A

Alpha glucose + beta fructose

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24
Q

……………+……………= galactose

A

Alpha glucose + galactose

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25
Q

What bond connects two glucose in maltose

———–o—————

A

Alpha 1-4 glyosidic bond

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26
Q

What reaction bonds the glucose together

A

Condensation

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27
Q

Opposite of condensation reaction

A

Hydrolysis

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28
Q

What is also formed in a condensation reaction

A

Water

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29
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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30
Q

What is starch

A

Energy store in plants

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31
Q

Why does iodine test for starch?

A

Iodine gets trapped in helix of amylose

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32
Q

What is amylopectin? Bond?

A

Polymer of alpha glucose

Alpha 1-6 glyosidic bond

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33
Q

What feature does amylopectin have?

A

Side branches

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34
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Immediate energy store in animals

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35
Q

Bond in glycogen

A

Alpha 1-4 and Alpha 1-6 glyosidic bond

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36
Q

Adaptation of glycogen

A

Big SA so release glucose from every branch by breaking it

37
Q

What is cellulose of polymer of?

A

Beta glucose

38
Q

Bond in cellulose

A

Beta 1-4 glyosidic bond

39
Q

Why is the structure of cellulose weird?

A

Every second glucose flips 180o to form parallel chains

40
Q

Three uses for lipids

A

Insulation, waterproof, protection

41
Q

3 differences between fats and oils

A

Fats - animals, solid, saturated

Oils - plants, liquid, unsaturated

42
Q

Is C=C saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

43
Q

Is c-c-c-c-c- saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

44
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

45
Q

Draw glycerol

A

H H H
H-C-C-C-H
H H H
O O O

46
Q

Draw a fatty acid

A

H H H H
O= C - C - C - C - C -H
OH H H H H

47
Q

Three groups in a fatty acid

A

Carboxyl (COOH)
Methyl (CH3)
Hydro-carbon chain

48
Q

Bond in a triglyceride that connects glycerol to fatty acid?

A

Ester

49
Q

Difference between triglyceride and phospholipids?

A

In a phospholipid, one of the FA is replaced by a phosphate group

50
Q

What is in a phospholipid?

Polar?

A 
Phosphate head (polar)
Glycerol
2 FA (non-polar)
51
Q

How many different AA are there?

A

20

52
Q

Draw a amino acid?

A

R
COOH - C - NH2
H

53
Q

3 groups in an amino acid

A 
Carboxyl group (COOH)
R group
Amino group (NH2)
54
Q

4 different types of r group

A

Acidic
Basic
Polar
Neutral

55
Q

What is a dipeptide

A

Two AA bonded together

56
Q

Bond in a dipeptide

A

Peptide

57
Q

Name the 5 structures a protein can be in

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, conjugated

58
Q

Describe the primary structure

A

1° - order and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. DNA sets this order

59
Q

Bonds in primary structure

A

Peptide

60
Q

Describe the secondary structure

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Two primary together

61
Q

Bonds in secondary structure

A

Hydrogen and peptide

62
Q

Describe the tertiary structure

A

Globular shape and bonding between r groups

Determine overall shape

63
Q

Bonds in tertiary structure

A

Hydrophobic interactions - non-polar r groups
Hydrogen bonds - r group
Ionic bonds - acidic and basic r groups
Disulphide ridges - sulphide r group (covalent bonds)

64
Q

Describe the quaternary structure

A

More than one polypeptide chain. E.g. haemoglobin

65
Q

Bonds in quaternary structure (4 and where found)

A

Hydrophobic interactions - non-polar r groups
Hydrogen bonds - r group
Ionic bonds - acidic and basic r groups
Disulphide ridges - sulphide r group (covalent bonds)

66
Q

Describe the conjugated structure

A

A non-protein molecule is attached and is inorganic

67
Q

Define enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy of a reaction

68
Q

Describe induced fit

A

Substrate enters active site forming an enzyme-substrate complex (not complementary)
Active site changes shape which puts pressure on bonds in substrate
Lower activation energy

69
Q

5 things that impact rate of enzyme catalysed reactions

A 
Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors
70
Q

Name the 2 types of inhibitor

A

Competitive and non-competitive

71
Q

How does temperature impact the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

A

More kinetic energy = more collisions =more ES complexes = higher rate
Pass optimum temp then denature (hydrogen bonds break = lose tertiary structure = no complementary )
/\
/ \
/ \
/ \

72
Q

How does pH impact the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

A 
Move away from optimum pH (Hydrogen concentration changes) so ionic bonds break so active site isn't complementary so no ES complex
   /\
  /   \
 /     \
/        \
73
Q

How does enzyme concentration impact the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

A

Directly proportional to rate
/
/
/

74
Q

How does substrate concentration impact the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

A 
Enzyme becomes limiting factor
x2 conc. = x2 rate
All active sites are occupied so enzyme is saturated
    \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
  /
/
75
Q

How do competitive inhibitors impact the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

A

Molecule with similar shape to substrate binds to active site
Low sub con. = low rate
Will reach maximum rate

76
Q

How do non-competitive inhibitors impact the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

A

Attaches to enzyme (not AS)
Changes bonding and AS so not complementary to substrate
Doesn’t reach maximum rate

77
Q

Give 5 characteristics of Globular proteins

A 
Transport (hormones)
Lightly folded pp chains
Soluble
Haemoglobin
Compact and spherical
78
Q

Give the two types of proteins

A

Globular and Fibrous

79
Q

Give 5 characteristics of Fibrous proteins

A 
Structural and strength
Parallel pp chains
Long and narrow
Insoluble in water
Collagen
80
Q

Describe haemoglobin (3)

A

Globular protein
4pp chains
2 alpha helixes and 2 beta pleated sheets

81
Q

Describe collagen

A

Fibrous protein

3 pp chains and unbranched

82
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

83
Q

Describe structure of ATP

A

3 phosphate circles
Ribose pentagon
Rectangle nitrogenous base (Adenine)

84
Q

What does ATP turn into to release energy?

Full name

A

ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

85
Q

4 uses of ATP

A

Active transport
CNS
Muscle contraction
Protein synthesis

86
Q

1 glucose molecule = ….. mole of ATP

A

38

87
Q

Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells (3)

A
  1. Long and straight chains;
  2. Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils;
  3. Provide strength (to cell wall);
88
Q

Difference between glycogen and starch

A

Starch - energy source in plants

Glycogen - energy source in animals

A-Level Biology (7 decks)

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