Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level Biology > 4 - Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

4 - Exchange and Transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolic rate

A

Rate of chemical reactions in an organism over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define exchange

A

Expel a substance and receive another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define facilitate

A

To make an action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to calculate surface area?

A

Length x length x number of sides cm2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How to calculate volume?

A

Width x height x length cm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to calculate Surface area : Volume

A

SA/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to calculate area of a cirlce

A

𝜋𝑟^2 cm2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to calculate SA of a sphere

A

4𝜋𝑟^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to calculate volume of a sphere

A

(4𝜋𝑟^3)/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to calculate SA of a cylinder

A

𝜋ⅆℎ+2𝜋𝑟^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to volume SA of a cylinder

A

𝜋r^2 ℎ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 common features of efficient gas exchange

A

Simple diffusion
Moist surface
Thin and permeable
Big SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does a moist surface lead to efficient gas exchange

A

Oxygen dissolves in the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Flick’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion = surface area x con. difference
——————————————
thickness of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the holes in insects called?

A

Spiracles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are spiracles controlled by?

A

Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why can’t the spiracles stay open all the time?

A

When open, there is water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the tracheal system in insects (4)

A

1 - Air moves into trachea through spiracles
2 - O2 travels down conc. gradient towards cells
3 - Trachea branches off into tracheoles so O2 diffuses directly into body cells
4 - CO2 from cells moves down con. towards spiracles (released into atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the tissue of insects contain?

A

A fluid that diffuses the hypotonic cytoplasm of resting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens if lactic acid is produced in the tracheal system in insects?

A

Reduces osmotic potential so fluid is withdrawn from tracheoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is air moved in larger insects?

A

Abdominal pumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fish have a …………… metabolic rate

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Flap that protects the gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What colour is oxygenated blood in diagrams?

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What colour is deoxygenated blood in diagrams?

A

Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a gill arch

A

Tube that connects to the gill fillaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are gill filaments?

A 
Attached to gill arch. Increase SA
I--------------------------
I\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
I
I-----------------------------
I-----------------------------                            
I------------------------------
I------------------------------
I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Lots of capillaries on top of filaments to increase SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two types of flow?

A

Parallel and counter-current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Graph for parallel flow

A 
I   \
I        \ 
I             \
I                 \\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
I                  /--------
I           /
I     /
I /
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Click on edit to see graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Graph for counter-current flow

A 
\\
  \\
    \\
     \\
       \\
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe counter-current flow (5)

A

Blood and water flow are in opposite directions

Water always has a higher oxygen concentration than blood in gill capillaries

Oxygen diffuses into gill capillaries across entire length of lamellae

Gills absorb ~80% oxygen from water across gills

Equilibrium is never reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The mouth of the fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is inspiration in fish? (6)

A 
Mouth opens
Operculum valve closes
Buccal chamber lowers
Volume increases
Pressure decreases
Water flow into mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is expiration in fish? (6)

A 
Mouth closes
Operculum valve opens
Buccal chamber raises
Volume of cavity decreases
Pressure inside increases
Water flows over gills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Limitations of tracheal system (2)

A

Relies on diffusion

Limit insect size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

5 ways to increase exchange effectiveness in insects

A 
BIG SA
Steep conc. gradient
Continual flow
Short pathway
Abdominal pumping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

2 reasons why we need lots of gas to exhcnage

A

High metabolic rate
High respiratory rate
So we need to maintain out temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Do humans have a high or low SA:V

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why are our lungs inside our body? (2)

A

Body would lose H2O as surfaces are moist

Air isn’t dense enough to support and protect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Name the body parts that are involved in respiration (in order)

A 
Lungs / mouth
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does air enter in people?

A

Mouth or nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why is it preferred for air to enter through our nose? (3)

A

Warm and lined with capillaries

Moist and secretes mucus

Contains hairs to filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What shaped are the rings on the trachea? Why?

A

C- shaped.

Provide strength but still flexible

45
Q

What is the trachea lined with? Why?

A

Cilia - beat upwards to secrete mucus. Prevent foreign bacteria from entering lungs

46
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Where trachea and oesophagus meet behind mouth

47
Q

What are the bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Each bronchus enters a lung and divides into bronchioles

48
Q

4 adaptations of alveoli

A

1 cell thick - short pathway
600 million - high SA:V
Next to capillaries (maintain conc. grad)
Moist - O2 dissolved

49
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

Cells that are in contact with the external environment

50
Q

What are endothelial cells?

A

Cells that are NOT in contact with the external environment

51
Q

What type of cells are in contact with the external environment?

A

Epithelial

52
Q

What type of cells are NOT in contact with the external environment?

A

Endothelial

53
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in humans?

A

Alveoli walls

54
Q

What are the two things are involved in the mechanisms of breathing?

A

Diaphragm

Intercostals muscles

55
Q

What does the intercostals muscles do?

A

Move ribs up and down

56
Q

Describe the process of inhalation in humans (5)

A
  1. Intercostals muscles contract and move up
  2. Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  3. Chest cavity increases so volume increases
  4. Internal pressure of air in lungs reduces
  5. Outside air flows into lungs
57
Q

Describe the process of exhalation in humans (5)

A
  1. Intercostals muscles relax
  2. Diaphragm relax and return to arc position
  3. Volume reduces
  4. Pressure increases
  5. Air forces outside of lungs
58
Q

3 ways insects reduce water loss

A

Small SA:V
Waterproof coating
Spiracles

59
Q

2 ways plants reduce water loss

A

Close stomata

Waterproof cotaing

60
Q

Why can’t plants have a small SA:V

A

Needed for photosynthesis

61
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

Plant adapted to having a low water supply

62
Q

What type of plants are adapted to having a low water supply?

A

Xerophyte

63
Q

4 adaptations of plants reducing water loss

A

Thick cuticle
Roll up leaves
Hairy leaves
Small SA:V on leaves

64
Q

Why do leaves roll up and how?

A

Reduce water loss - protects lower epidermis and traps air so no concentration gradient

65
Q

Why are leaves hairy?

A

Trap moist air to reduce concentration gradient

66
Q

Define stomata

A

Pores mainly found on underside of leaf. Surrounded by guard cells

67
Q

Where are stomata mainly found?

A

Underside of leaf

68
Q

What do the stomata do?

A

Control rate of gas exchange to minimise water loss

69
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood go? (4)

A

Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve then artery

70
Q

Where does oxygenated blood go? (4)

A

Enter through pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aortic valve then aorta

71
Q

Atrium associated with deoxygenated blood

A

Right

72
Q

Atrium associated with oxygenated blood

A

Left

73
Q

Artery associated with deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary

74
Q

Valve associated with oxygenated blood

A

Aorta

75
Q

Describe the process of digesting lipids (5)

A
  1. Emulsification of fat droplets
  2. Micelle formation
  3. Micelle breakdown when in contact with epithelial cells, releasing FA and monoglycerides
  4. Triglyceride combines with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons
  5. Chylomicrons move out of cell by exocytosis and enter lacteals
76
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Triglyceride combines with cholesterol and lipoproteins

77
Q

Describe the co-transport of Na, glucose and K (5)

A
  1. Sodium moves from epithelial cells into blood by active transport
  2. Reduce sodium conc. in cell
  3. Sodium diffuses into the cell by diffusion
  4. Symporter protein used as AA can also be transported
  5. Glucose does facilitated diffusion into blood
78
Q

Define peristalsis

A

Moves food down the oesophagus

79
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Passage from mouth to anus

80
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic vesicles found in the centre of the villi

81
Q

What is a lumen?

A

Hollow part of something

82
Q

What are micelles?

A

Emulsified fat droplets

83
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Move out of a cell

84
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Small intestine

85
Q

What is the colon?

A

Large intestine

86
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Chemical breakdown of a compound with water

87
Q

Define assimilate

A

Nutrients in food are taken into the cells of the body

88
Q

Define emulsification

A

Breakdown of fats into smaller molecules to provide a bigger SA

89
Q

What happens during the emulsification of lipids

A

Triglyceride is added to lipase to form a monoglyceride and two FA
Ester bond hydrolyses

90
Q

What type of digestion happens at each stage of the digestive cycle?

A 
Mouth - mechanical and chemical
Oesophagus
Stomach - mechanical and chemical
S.Intetsine - chemical
L.intesine
91
Q

Where does ingestion happen

A

Mouth

92
Q

Where does egestion happen?

A

Rectum and anus

93
Q

Two parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum and ileum

94
Q

What is the right spelling: ilium or ileum?

A

Ileum

95
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic juices and bile is released

96
Q

What happens in the ileum?

A

Main site of absorption

97
Q

2 examples of physical digestion

A

Teeth and muscles (churning)

98
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Hydrolyse large, insoluble molecules by enzymes

99
Q

Process of digesting carbohydrates (4)

A
  1. Amylase hydrolyses glyosidic bond of starch
  2. Maltose is produced
  3. Maltase hydrolysis A1-4 glyosidic bond of maltose
  4. Alpha glucose is produces
100
Q

Process of digestion (6)

A
  1. Salvia mixed with food, which contain salivary enzymes
  2. Starch goes into maltose
  3. Food enters stomach and sal. enz. are denatures
  4. Go to ileum to ix with pancreatic juices
  5. Peristalsis happens
  6. Maltase released so maltose goes into glucose
101
Q

3 ways to digest proteins

A

Endopeptidases
Exopeptidases
Dipeptidases

102
Q

What is endopeptidases?

A

Hydrolysis peptide bond in AA central region

103
Q

What is exopeptidases?

A

Hydrolysis bond on terminal AA (end of AA)

104
Q

What is dipeptidases?

A

Hydrolyse the bond between the two AA of a dipeptide.

105
Q

4 adaptations for absorption

A

Villi contracts so epithelial cells are in contact with food
Microvilli increase SA
Capillary network to maintain conc. grad
Lacteal - fats are absorbed

106
Q

Define digestion

A

Break down of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the small intestine

107
Q

What is the vein rich in?

A

Nutrients

108
Q

What is the artery rich in?

A

Oxygen

A-Level Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions