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Anatomy 2 Unit 3 > 6 - Development of Heart > Flashcards

6 - Development of Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system appears in middle of

A

week 3; it is the first major system to function within the embryo with the heart beginning to function during week 4

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2
Q

Cardiac crescent

(contains

A

primary heart field

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3
Q

Establishing & patterning of primary heart field (

A

~ 3rd week)

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4
Q

Progenitor heart cells migrate through

A

primitive streak

Into the splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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5
Q

1st sign of heart formation  a

A

solid, horseshoe-shaped cluster of cells

Primary heart field

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6
Q

These cells in the primary heart field will form the

A

atria, left ventricle, and part of right ventricle

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7
Q

Remainder of right ventricle and outflow tract are derived from the

A

secondary heart field

PHF = primary heart field
SHF = secondary heart field
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8
Q

Once cells establish the PHF (primary heart field), they are induced by

A

underlying endoderm to form cardiac myoblasts & blood islands and vessels by the process of vasculogenesis

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9
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Blood vessels arise from blood islands

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10
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Blood vessels sprouting from existing vessels

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11
Q

Heart tube formation & positioning

A

(~18-22 days)

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12
Q

Islands will unite & form a

A

horseshoe-shaped endothelial-lined tube surrounded by myoblasts within the cardiogenic region
- Endocardial tubes

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13
Q

Other blood islands appear which will form

A

the pair of longitudinal dorsal aortae

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14
Q

Lateral body folding creates

A

primordial heart tube.

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15
Q

The lateral sides of the horseshoe-shaped endothelial tube fold in

A

ventrally and medially, approaching each other at midline to fuse, forming a single primordial heart tube.

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16
Q

Due to rapid neural tube growth the embryo also undergoes

A

cranial to caudal folding (sagittal folding)

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17
Q

Cranial – caudal folding

A

repositions the developing heart and pericardial cavities

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18
Q

Prior to head folding, the heart is:

A

Rostral to the oropharyngeal membrane – ventral to the pericardial cavity

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19
Q

Initially, heart tube is attached to

A

dorsal side of pericardial cavity via dorsal mesocardium

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20
Q

The middle section of the dorsal mesocardium will disappear and create the

A

transverse pericardial sinus

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21
Q

At this time the heart tube consists of three layers:

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (or visceral pericardium)

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22
Q

Cardiac loop formation

A

(~22-28 days)

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23
Q

The heart tube elongates, forming

A

dilations and constrictions. These dilations and constrictions will become the adult derivatives of the heart.

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24
Q

TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS

A

(Pulmonary trunk + aorta)

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25
Q

CONUS CORDIS

A

(Outflow tract of ventricles; Caudal portion of bulbus cordis forms R. ventricle)

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26
Q

BULBUS CORDIS

A

Conus cordis and truncus arteriosus

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27
Q

PRIMORDIAL ATRIUM

A

(Right and left auricles + portions of the atria)

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28
Q

SINUS VENOSUS

A

(Coronary sinus + sinus venarum)

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29
Q

The tubular heart undergoes

A

right-handed looping ~ 23 to 28 days, forming a U –shaped loop that results in a heart with its apex pointing to the left

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30
Q

Primitive ventricles move

A

ventrally & to the right while atrial region moves dorsally & to left

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31
Q

Attachment of the heart tube at the sinus venosus and the truncus arteriosus is fixed by its

A

attachment to the pericardial sac, so growth of the tube causes it to loop anteriorly and to the right

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32
Q

Primitive atrium takes a

A

posterior/dorsal position

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33
Q

When heart looping is complete, blood flows

A

uninterrupted through the different parts, as if in the original tube.

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34
Q

As the heart folds, its cranial end will shift

A

ventrally, caudally, and to the right. Its caudal end will shift dorsally and superiorly.

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35
Q

Circulation through the primordial heart:

A

Sinus venosus  primordial atrium  atrioventricular (AV) canal  left ventricle (primordial ventricle)  interventricular (IV) foramen  right ventricle  conus cordis  truncus arteriosus  aortic sac  pharyngeal aa.  dorsal aortae

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36
Q

Sinus venosus development (~7-8 weeks)

A

Sinus venosus receives venous blood from 3 paired veins:
Vitelline vv.
Umbilical vv.
Common cardinal vv.

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37
Q

Blood flow to the heart gradually shifts to the

A

right side due to the remodeling of vitelline, umbilical, & anterior cardinal vv. As a result, the right horn of the sinus venosus becomes larger than the left.

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38
Q

Left sinus horn becomes:

A

Oblique veins of the left atrium

Coronary sinus

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39
Q

Right sinus horn becomes incorporated into the

A

right atrium to form smooth-walled part

40
Q

Right sinus horn entrance is

A

sinuatrial orifice

Flanked by right and left venous valves

41
Q

When right sinus horn is incorporated into wall (sinus venarum): Left valve & septum spurium fuse

A

with atrial septum

42
Q

When right sinus horn is incorporated into wall (sinus venarum): Superior portion of right valve

A

disappears

43
Q

When right sinus horn is incorporated into wall (sinus venarum): Inferior portion of right valve becomes:

A

Valve of IVC

Valve of coronary sinus

44
Q

Partitioning of the heart

A

(~28 days – 7th week)

45
Q

At 30 days:

Atrial partitioning

A

just beginning to occur

46
Q

At 30 days:

Primary interventricular

A

foramen undivided

47
Q

At 30 days:

Outflow tract

A

(bulbus cordis/truncus arteriosus) undivided

48
Q

At 30 days:

Proximal portion of bulbus cordis becomes

A

trabeculated and forms the right ventricle

49
Q

At 30 days:

Atrioventricular canal

A

undivided

50
Q

Near end of week four, 4 AV endocardial cushions form on each side of the

A

plus one at the dorsal & the ventral walls of AV canal

51
Q

Partitioning of the original single AV canal to

A

left and right AV canals by the AV endocardial cushions

52
Q

the left and right AV canals contribute to development of the

A

mitral and tricuspid valves

53
Q

the fusion of the superior and inferior AV endocardial cushions provide a

A

“landing area” for the interartial septum

54
Q

Fusion of these cushions results in complete division of the

A

AV canal into a left and right

55
Q

Around end of week 4, a crest of tissue grows from the roof of the common atrium

A

Septum primum

56
Q

Septum primum will extend towards the

A

endocardial cushions in the AV canal

57
Q

Opening below the septum primum & the endocardial cushions is the

A

ostium primum

58
Q

Septum primum develops from the roof of the primordial atrium as a

A

thin, moon-shaped membrane

59
Q

Ostium primum closes

Cell death produces perforations in

A

septum primum which coalesce to form ostium secundum

60
Q

Ostium secundum ensures that there is

A

free blood flow from the right to the left primitive atrium

61
Q

As holes in the septum primum coalesce to form the ostium secundum, a thicker

A

septum secundum develops from the roof of the primordial atrium, slightly to the right of the septum primum

62
Q

Septum secundum grows inferiorly and develops an opening: the

A

foramen ovale (oval foramen)

63
Q

Cranial portion of septum primum

A

degenerates

64
Q

Caudal portion of septum primum forms the

A

valve of foramen ovale

65
Q

After birth, the pressure in the left atrium

A

increases as the blood returns from the lungs.

66
Q

Septum primum is pressed against the

A

septum secundum and adheres to it, permanently closing the foramen ovale and forming the fossa ovalis

67
Q

Fossa ovalis is also known as the

A

oval fossa

68
Q

End of week 4, primitive ventricles begin to

A

expand

69
Q

Medial walls of primitive ventricles will merge together to form the

A

muscular interventricular septum

70
Q

Interventricular foramen is located above the

A

muscular interventricular septum

71
Q

Outgrowth of the inferior endocardial cushion closes the

A

interventricular foramen

72
Q

Complete interventricular foramen closure forms the membranous part of the

A

interventricular septum

73
Q

During week 5 neural crest cells migrate into

A

truncus arteriorsus & bulbus cordis

Form truncal ridges & bulbar ridges

74
Q

Ridges undergo a 180o spiraling which results in the formation of a

A

spiral aorticopulmonary septum when the ridges fuse.

75
Q

Ridges also grow

A

inferiorly to contribute to membranous IV

76
Q

Because of the spiraling of the aorticopulmonary septum, thepulmonary trunktwists around the

A

ascending aorta

77
Q

Because of the spiraling of the aorticopulmonary septum, thepulmonary trunktwists around the

A

ascending aorta

78
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Most common

A

congenital heart defect (Occurrence: 12: 10,000 or 25% of heart defects)

79
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Failure of

A

IV septum to completely form

80
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Can involve

A

membranous or muscular portion of the septum, but in most cases the membranous portion fails to form

81
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Frequently 30-50% of small VSD

A

close spontaneously in the 1st year.

82
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot Consists of:

A

Pulmonary artery stenosis (obstruction of right ventricle outflow, with stenosis of the pulmonary valve and infundibular stenosis)
VSD
Dextroposition of aorta (overriding or straddling aorta)
R ventricular hypertrophy

83
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

Roots + proximal portions of aorta and pulmonary trunk

84
Q

Conus cordis

A

Outflow tracts of ventricles

85
Q

Proximal segment of

bulbus cordis

A

Right ventricle

86
Q

Primordial ventricle

A

Left ventricle

87
Q

Primordial atrium

A

Left and right auricles + trabeculated portions of atria

88
Q

Right horn of sinus venosus

A 
Sinus venarum (smooth-walled portion
of right atrium)
89
Q

Left horn of sinus venosus

A

Coronary sinus

90
Q

Primordial pulmonary v. + its branches

A

Smooth-walled portion of left atrium

91
Q

oropharyngeal membrane

A

ecto and endoderm

92
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

more cranial to conus cordis

93
Q

Sinus venosus becomes

A

coronary sinus and sinus venerum

94
Q

Primordial atrium becomes

A

R and L auricles and part of atria

95
Q

Primordial ventricle becomes

A

L ventricle

96
Q

After twisting, heart walls start to become

A

trabeculated

97
Q

Sinus venerum

A

smooth walled portion of R atria

Anatomy 2 Unit 3 (14 decks)

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