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Anatomy 2 Unit 3 > 1 - Cerebellum > Flashcards

1 - Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Regulates equilibrium
Controls muscle tone and posture
Provides motor coordination for voluntary movements

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2
Q

Cerebellum

In the near future

A

Plans motor actions in space and time

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3
Q

Cerebellum

During execution

A

Monitors ongoing motor activity

Adjusts the output of the motor cortex and several motor nuclei

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4
Q

Cerebellum primary function

A

Primary function: Motor adaptation

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5
Q

Cerebellum Oversees modification of

A

motor programs in response to the environment
Walking uphill vs. walking on a flat surface
Home field advantage

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6
Q

Cerebellum Motor sequence learning is the function of the

A

basal ganglia

In this horizontal section: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

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7
Q

Cerebellum Located in posterior cranial fossa; below

A

tentorium cerebelli
Cortex: Gray matter on the surface
White matter: inside

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8
Q

Fissures divide cerebellum in

A

lobes and lobules

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9
Q

Fissures: Lobes of the cerebellum

Primary fissure:

A

divides body of cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes

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10
Q

Fissures: lobes of the cerebellum:

Posterolateral fissure:

A

separates flocculonodular lobe from body of cerebellum

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11
Q

Cerebellar Deep Nuclei:

Dentate
Contributes

A

most fibers in SCP

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12
Q

Cerebellar Deep Nuclei:

A

Interposed nucleus
Emboliform
Globose

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13
Q

Cerebellar Deep Nuclei:

A

Fastigal “Frosch Gives Everyone D’s”

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14
Q

Three cerebellar peduncles: Interconnect

A

cerebellum and brainstem

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15
Q

Three cerebellar peduncles
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Restiform body:

A

inputs from spinal cord and brainstem; monitors muscle and limb movement

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16
Q

Three cerebellar peduncles
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Juxtarestiform body:

A

interconnects vestibular nuclei and cerebellum

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17
Q

Three cerebellar peduncles

Middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis):

A

largest, lateral to pons, afferents from contralateral basis pontis; relays motor signals from cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Three cerebellar peduncles: Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum):

A

mostly efferent fibers to red nucleus and thalamus (VL)

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19
Q

Overview of afferents to cerebellar cortex:
Projections:

Vermis:

A

Fastigal

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20
Q

Overview of afferents to cerebellar cortex:
Projections:
Medial hemisphere:

A

Interposed

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21
Q

Overview of afferents to cerebellar cortex:
Projections:

Lateral hemisphere:

A

Dentate

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22
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Anterior (superior peduncle)
Posterior (inferior peduncle)
Cuneocerebellar (inferior peduncle)

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23
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Trigeminal nerve

A

(uses all 3 peduncles)

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24
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Special senses

A

(vision, hearing, vestibular)
Tectocerebellar tract ipsilateral colliculi
Vestibulocerebellar from ipsilateral vestibular nuclei

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25
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Pontocerebellar

A

(middle cerebellar peduncle)

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26
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Olivocerebellar

A

(inferior cerebellar peduncle)

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27
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Reticulocerebellar

A

(paramedian & lateral reticular nuclei in medulla)(inferior cerebellar peduncle)

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28
Q

Cerebellar afferents: Serotonergic, noradrenergic:

A

facilitate transmission in mossy and climbing fibers

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29
Q

PSCT origin

A

Clarke’s nucleus (T1-L2/3)

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30
Q

PSCT body part represented

A

Trunk, leg

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31
Q

PSCT Major inputs

A

Mechanoreceptors in muscles, joints, skin

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32
Q

PSCT Midline crossing

A

None

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33
Q

PSCT Peduncle used to enter cerebellum

A

Inferior

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34
Q

ASCT origin

A

Spinal border cells (T12-L5)

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35
Q

ASCT body part represented

A

Trunk, leg

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36
Q

ASCT Major inputs

A

Mechanoreceptors, movement-related interneurons

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37
Q

ASCT Midline Crossing

A

Twice: First in cord then in cerebellum

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38
Q

ASCT Peduncle used to enter cerebellum

A

Superior

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39
Q

CCT origin

A

Lateral cuneate nucleus in medulla

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40
Q

CCT body part represented

A

Trunk, arm

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41
Q

CCT major inputs

A

Mechanoreceptors in muscles, joints, skin

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42
Q

CCT midline crossing

A

None

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43
Q

CCT peduncle used to enter cerebellum

A

Inferior

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44
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Sensorimotor cortex projects via

A

corticospinal collaterals onto ipsilateral olivary nuclei

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45
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Olivocerebellar fibers project to

A

contralateral cerebellar cortex thru ICP

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46
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Inferior olivary nuclei:

A

posterior lobe

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47
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Accessory olivary nuclei:

A

anterior lobe (red arrows)

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48
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Climbing fibers: Climbing fibers enter

A

cerebellum via ICP

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49
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Climbing fibers: Climbing fibers divide into

A

5-10 branches, synapse as the only climbing fiber on a particular Purkinje cell

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50
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Climbing fibers: Regulate

A

Purkinje cell firing

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51
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Climbing fibers: ION gets info from

A

spinal cord (spino-olivary tract), red nucleus, cerebral cortex

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52
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: At rest groups of

A

olivary neurons synchronously discharge, cause complex spikes in Purkinje cells

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53
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Complex spikes:

A

Occurrence of multiple action potentials in one neuron in response to single action potential from another neuron

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54
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: With training performing a motor task

A

Purkinje cell discharges are simple spikes (produced by parallel fibers)

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55
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: If unexpected obstacle to learned motor task is encountered,

A

complex spikes result each time the obstacle is encountered

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56
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: As animal learns to overcome the obstacle,

A

complex spikes decrease in number and eventually disappear

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57
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: Conclusion: Inferior olivary nuclei are involved in

A

motor learning and in the acquisition of new motor skills

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58
Q

Red nucleus: Located in

A

rostral midbrain

59
Q

Red nucleus: Possible

A

novelty detector

60
Q

Red nucleus: Input: Collaterals from

A

Cerebral cortical fibers descending to olive &
Cerebellar output fibers ascending to thalamus
Output: Largest is inhibitory to ipsilateral olivary nucleus
If a mismatch is detected between the intended movement and the movement that is performed then red nucleus may release appropriate olivary neurons, until the two align

61
Q

Red nucleus: Output:

A

Largest is inhibitory to ipsilateral olivary nucleus

62
Q

Red nucleus: If a mismatch is detected between the

A

intended movement and the movement that is performed then red nucleus may release appropriate olivary neurons, until the two align

63
Q

juxtarestiform body

A

(part of inferior cerebellar peduncle that interconnects brainstem and cerebellum and contains mostly vestibular fibers

64
Q

Cerebellar Cortex: Structure:

A

Uniform throughout

65
Q

Cerebellar Cortex: Structure Three layers:

A 
Molecular layer (ML) at top 
Purkinje cell layer (arrows)
Granule layer (GL)
66
Q

Cerebellar Cortex: Structure: Molecular layer (ML) at top

A

Contains Purkinje cell dendrites, granule cell axons

67
Q

Cerebellar Cortex: Structure: Purkinje cell layer

A

Only axons to leave cortex

68
Q

Cortical afferents

A

excitatory (glutaminergic)

69
Q

Cortical efferents:

A

inhibitory (GABAnergic)

Large amount of inhibition in cortical processing

70
Q

Interneurons:

A

Stellate, Basket and Golgi cells

71
Q

Connectivity of Cortex and Deep Nuclei: Mossy and climbing

A

fibers send collaterals to deep nuclei before axon enters cortex

72
Q

Connectivity of Cortex and Deep Nuclei: Purkinje cell axons end in

A

deep nuclei

73
Q

Connectivity of Cortex and Deep Nuclei: Deep nuclei have two

A

neuronal populations
Source of mossy fibers into cortex
Projection neurons whose axons leave cerebellum

74
Q

A microzone is defined as a group of

A

Purkinje cells all having the same somatotopic receptive field. Microzones were found to contain on the order of 1000 Purkinje cells each, arranged in a long, narrow strip, oriented perpendicular to the cortical folds

75
Q

Cortical Processing: Mossy fibers excite groups of

A

granule cells

76
Q

Cortical Processing: Facilitate

A

many 100s of Purkinje cells (microzone)

77
Q

Cortical Processing: Purkinje cells inhibit clusters of

A

neurons in deep nuclei

78
Q

Cortical Processing: Weakly facilitated

A

neurons around edge of microzone are “turned off” by stellate and basket cells (focuses signal)

79
Q

Cortical Processing: Golgi cells in

A

granule layer inhibit granule cells that initiated signal, turning it off

80
Q

Cerebellar Functional Zones: Cur across

A

anterior, posterior & flocculonodular lobes

81
Q

Cerebellar Functional Zones: Vermis (V):

A

In midline

82
Q

Cerebellar Functional Zones Hemispheres:

A

Medial hemisphere: (adjacent to vermis)

Lateral hemisphere: Adjacent to medial hemisphere

83
Q

Cerebellum involved in:

A

Equilibrium
Muscle tone and posture
Coordinating voluntary movements

84
Q

Cerebellar functional zones: So it would make sense for the cerebellum to

A

receive vestibular, spinal and cerebral cortical input and it does

85
Q

Cerebellar functional zones: The pattern of

A

inputs underlies the zonal connections to cortex

86
Q

Cerebellar functional zones: Each cerebellar zone is related to a

A

particular deep nucleus

87
Q

Somatotopic maps in

A

In anterior and posterior lobes

88
Q

Somatotopic maps: Termed fractionated somatotopy, refers to

A

fractured nature of body part representation in cortex

89
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobe
Vermis (parts)
Fastigial nucleus

90
Q

Pontocerebellum (Neocerebellum)

A

Lateral hemisphere projects to dentate nucleus

91
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Paravermal (medial hemisphere) area

Interposed nucleus

92
Q

Vestibulocerebellum: Input:

A

Vestibular labyrinth

Vestibular nuclei

93
Q

Vestibulocerebellum: Cerebellar location

A

Flocculonodular lobe

Vermis (part of)

94
Q

Vestibulocerebellum: Output:

A

Fastigial nucleus
Vestibular nuclei
Vestibular nuclei

95
Q

Vestibulocerebellum: Function:

A

Control of eye movements in response to head movements

Balance

96
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Vestibulocerebellum: From fastigial nucleus; fibers project to

A

bilateral vestibular nuclei via ICP with contralateral projection thru cerebellar white matter (uncinate fasciculus)

97
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Vestibulocerebellum: Output to

A

medial and lateral vestibular nuclei control eyes thru medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

98
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Vestibulocerebellum: Output to ipislateral

A

lateral vestibular nucleus mediates balancing function of vestibulospinal tract

99
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Vestibulocerebellum: Some Purkinje cell axons don’t

A

synapse in fastigial nucleus and exert direct tonic inhibition on lateral vestibular nucleus

100
Q

Spinocerebellum: Input:

A 
Spinal cord (spinocerebellar tracts)
Brainstem (trigeminal afferents)
101
Q

Spinocerebellum: Cerebellar location

A

Paravermal area

Vermis (part of)

102
Q

Spinocerebellum: Output:

A 
Interposed nucleus
Red nucleus (magnocellular portion) 
Rubrospinal and reticulospinal pathways
VA/VL of thalamus
Limb area of primary motor cortex
103
Q

Spinocerebellum: Function:

A

Posture & gait

Coordination of trunk & limb movements

104
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Spinocerebellum: From interposed nucleus axons leave thru

A

SCP

105
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Spinocerebellum: Contralateral reticular formation:

A

those ending in pontomedullary reticular formation regulate function of tectospinal tract in posture and locomotion

106
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Spinocerebellum: Contralateral red nucleus: involved in

A

motor learning

107
Q

Neocerebellum or Pontocerebellum: Input:

A

Motor cortex – basilar pons – middle cerebellar peduncle

108
Q

Neocerebellum or Pontocerebellum: Cerebellar location

A

Lateral cerebellar hemisphere

109
Q

Neocerebellum or Pontocerebellum: Output:

A 
Dentate nucleus
Red nucleus (parvocellular portion)
Inferior olivary nucleus
VA/VL of thalamus
All motor cortex & parietal lobe
110
Q

Neocerebellum or Pontocerebellum: Function:

Planning the

A

timing of movements especially those of the upper extremity

Coordination of speech

111
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Neocerebellum: From the dentate nucleus; forms

A

large dentatorubrothalamic tract, which is most of SCP

112
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Neocerebellum: SCP decussates (DSCP) in

A

caudal midbrain

113
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Neocerebellum: Collaterals to

A

red nucleus

114
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Neocerebellum: Synapses in

A

ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus

115
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Neocerebellum: Then information projected by

A

VL neurons to motor areas of cerebral cortex

116
Q

One side of cerebellum affects ipsilateral side of body

A

One cerebral hemisphere controls contralateral muscles (corticospinal tract)

117
Q

One half of cerebellum influences

A

ipsilateral limbs

118
Q

One half of cerebellum projects to

A

contralateral thalamus

119
Q

Lateral hemispheres:

A

planning learned, skillful movements, those that become more precise and rapid with practice

120
Q

Injury: Involvement of

A

arm and speech

121
Q

Intention tremor:

A

upper extremity shakes as target is approached, hand may overshoot target

122
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia -

A

rapid alternating movements

123
Q

Dysmetria -

A

finger-to-nose test

124
Q

Dysarthria -

A

Uneven phonation (production of vowel sounds) aka scanning or explosive speech

125
Q

Medial hemispheres:

A

adjusting limb movements

126
Q

Vermis:

A

postural adjustments

127
Q

Vermis: postural adjustments
Injury: truncal ataxia;

A

disturbances in balance while seated, also standing and gait ataxia

128
Q

Truncal ataxia: Disrupted

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract function

129
Q

Gait ataxia:

A

Anterior lobe lesion (alcoholics); can’t walk without feet wide apart, staggering walk (even when sober)

130
Q

Vestibulocerebellum: Flocculus & vermis important in

A

eye movements;

Injury: nystagmus; back and forth eye movements

131
Q

Other functions of the cerebellum: Cognition:

A

Most lateral aspect of each cerebellar hemisphere indirectly connected with lateral prefrontal cortex in cerebrum

132
Q

Other functions of the cerebellum: Lateral cerebellar activity highest during

A

speech, most prominent cerebellar activity is unilateral and consistent with dominant frontal cortex (where speech is represented)
More than pure motor control as cerebellar activity higher during functional naming (“drive”, “fly”) rather than object naming (“car”, “airplane”)

133
Q

Other functions of the cerebellum: Strokes:

A

Cognitive defects: ↓ reasoning power, inattention, grammatical errors, patchy memory loss

Affective defects: dulling of emotional responses, aberrant emotional behaviors

134
Q

Cerebellum has more neurons than

A

rest of CNS combined

135
Q

Basal ganglia has

A

pattern for walking

136
Q

Paravermal area

A

proximal limb and spinal

137
Q

Posterior lobe input

A

some from spine, most from pons

138
Q

Cerebellar axons don’t

A

leave - synapse in cerebellar nuclei

139
Q

Fastigial nucleus connected

A

to flocconodular lobe

140
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

fibers going in

141
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

fibers going out

142
Q

Mossy fibers synapse on

A

granule layer

143
Q

Parallel fibers run

A

parallel to folia

144
Q

Granule cell turn son

A

inhibitory transmission

Anatomy 2 Unit 3 (14 decks)

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