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Anatomy 2 Unit 3 > 2 - Forebrain and Limbic System > Flashcards

2 - Forebrain and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain:

A

Diencephalon:
Internal capsule
Limbic system:
,

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2
Q

Diencephalon:

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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3
Q

Limbic system:

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala

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4
Q

Epithalamus:

A

pineal gland, habenula, few other things

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5
Q

A large number of pathways relay in

A

thalamus

All sensory (other than olfaction) pathways

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6
Q

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, limbic system

A

These systems use different parts (with some overlap) so thalamus is comprised of distinct nuclei

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7
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei: Anterior division:

A

Anterior nucleus (AN)

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8
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei: Medial division:

A

Dorsomedial (DM) aka (medial dorsal (MD))

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9
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei: Lateral division:

A

Dorsal tier: lateral dorsal (LD), lateral posterior (LP), pulvinar

Ventral tier: ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL), ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and medial (VPM) and medial & lateral geniculates (MGN, LGN)

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10
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei

A

Intralaminar: Centromedian, parafascicular, others
Reticular nucleus
Midline nuclei

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11
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei: Defined by

A

internal medullary lamina (IML)

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12
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei: Lateral subdivision is the

A

largest

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13
Q

Subdivisons of thalamic nuclei: Anterior subdivision sits in a

A

split in the IML

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14
Q

All thalamic nuclei (except reticular) are based on the same general theme
All consist of:

A

projection neurons: provide output from thalamus (green)
Interneurons, small, inhibitory (red)
Proportions vary from nucleus-to-nucleus

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15
Q

Two basic types of thalamic inputs

A 
Specific inputs (blue):
 Regulatory inputs (purple):
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16
Q

Specific inputs (blue):

A

convey info a thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to cortex (or other places)
Example: medial lemniscus to VPL or optic tract to LGN

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17
Q

Regulatory inputs (purple):

A

thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed on to cortex

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18
Q

Three categories of thalamic nuclei

A

Based on patterns of outputs and specific inputs

Relay nuclei
Association nuclei
Intralaminar & midline nuclei

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19
Q

Relay nuclei: receive

A

well defined specific input from a subcortical source (e.g. medial lemniscus) and project to a well-defined area of cortex (e.g. somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

2) Association nuclei: Receive

A

specific inputs from association cortex (e.g. prefrontal cortex) and project back

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21
Q

3) intralaminar and midline nuclei: receive

A

distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures)
Project to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures

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22
Q

Reticular nucleus; Important source of

A

regulatory input to thalamus

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23
Q

Reticular nucleus; No projections to

A

cortex

Unlike all other thalamic nuclei

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24
Q

Reticular nucleus; Input:

A

cortex & thalamus

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25
Q

Reticular nucleus; Output:

A

inhibitory axons to thalamus

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26
Q

Reticular nucleus; Nucleus is a

A

sheet of neurons, covers thalamus, axons must traverse nucleus to enter/ leave thalamus and send collaterals to it

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27
Q

Sensory, motor and limbic systems have

A

relay nuclei

Sensory: VPL & VPM
Motor: VA & VL
Limbic: Anterior, LD

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28
Q

Anterior

A

Input: Mammillothalamic tract, hippocampus

Cortical output: Cingulate gyrus

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29
Q

Lateral dorsal (LD)

A

Input: Hippocampus

Cortical Output: Cingulate gyrus

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30
Q

VA/ VL

A

Input: Basal ganglia (mostly VA),
cerebellum (mostly VL)

Cortical Output: Motor areas

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31
Q

VPL

A

Input: Medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract (ALP)

Cortical Output: Somatosensory cortex

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32
Q

VPM

A

Input: Trigeminal system

Cortical Output: Somatosensory cortex

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33
Q

MGN

A

Input: Brachium of inferior colliculus

Cortical Output: Auditory cortex

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34
Q

LGN

A

Input: Optic tract

Cortical Output: Visual cortex

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35
Q

DM and Pulvinar are

A

main association nuclei

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36
Q

DM and Pulvinar are main association nuclei: Two huge areas of

A

association cortex

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37
Q

DM and Pulvinar are main association nuclei: Prefrontal: DM

A

Foresight, affect

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38
Q

DM and Pulvinar are main association nuclei: Parietal-occipital-temporal:

A

Pulvinar-LP complex

Function largely unknown; may be involved in visual perception or attention

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39
Q

DM

A

specific inputs: Prefrontal cortex, olfactory and limbic structures (amygdala)

cortical outputs: Prefrontal cortex

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40
Q

LP

A

specific inputs: Parietal lobe

cortical outputs: Parietal cortex

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41
Q

Pulvinar

A

specific inputs: Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

cortical outputs: Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

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42
Q

Internal capsule (IC): Thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers

A

pass thru

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43
Q

Internal capsule (IC) Almost all fibers going to and from the

A

cortex pass thru

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44
Q

Internal capsule (IC) Collects and forms

A

cerebral peduncle down which corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers descend

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45
Q

Internal capsule has five parts

A

Based on relationship to lenticular nucleus
1. Anterior limb: lenticular nucleus, caudate
2. Posterior limb: lenticular nucleus, thalamus
3. Genu: between A & P limbs
4. Retrolenticular: behind lenticular nucleus
5. Sublenticular part: beneath lenticular nucleus
Not seen in horizontal sections

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46
Q

Sublenticular-

A

Superior visual field

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47
Q

Retrolenticular-

A

Inferior visual field

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48
Q

Hypothalamus: Critical in

A

autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains physiological range or homeostasis

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49
Q

Hypothalamus: 3 main types of connections:

A

Interconnected with limbic system
Output to pituitary
Interconnects visceral/ somatic nuclei

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50
Q

Anterior border:

A

Lamina terminalis

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51
Q

Hypothalamus: Superior border:

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

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52
Q

Hypothalamus: Posterior border:

A

border: 3rd ventricle

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53
Q

Hypothalamus: Lateral border:

A

internal capsule

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54
Q

Hypothalamus: Inferior border:

A

Optic chiasm, tuber cinereum (contains median eminence), mammillary bodies

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55
Q

Lateral: rostral continuation of

A

reticular formation

Nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)

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56
Q

Periventricular: rostral continuation of

A

periaqueductal gray

Contains nuclei and tracts (dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

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57
Q

Hypothalamus: Medial:

A

nuclei

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58
Q

Hypothalamic control of pituitary: Hypophyseal branches of

A

internal carotid artery

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59
Q

Hypothalamic control of pituitary: Superior- supply

A

capillary bed in infundibulum, capillaries drain into portal vessels in adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

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60
Q

Hypothalamic control of pituitary: Second capillary bed around

A

endocrine cells of adenohypophysis

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61
Q

Hypothalamic control of pituitary: Inferior hypophyseal arteries supply

A

neurohyposphysis (posterior lobe)

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62
Q

Hypothalamic control of pituitary: Capillaries drain into

A

cavernous sinus, which delivers anterior and posterior pituitary hormones to systemic circulation

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63
Q

Neuroendocrine cells: Pituitary secretions controlled by

A

2 types of neuroendocrine cells

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64
Q

Neuroendocrine cells: Release secretions into

A

capillaries so true endocrine cells

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65
Q

Somas of neuroendocrine cells in

A

hypophysiotrophic area

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66
Q

Hypophysiotrophic area Located in

A

lower half of preoptic and tuberal regions; nuclei in red

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67
Q

Parvocellular:

A

end in median eminence

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68
Q

Magnocellular:

A

end in posterior lobe

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69
Q

Hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary

A

Parvocellular neurons give rise to tuberoinfundibular tract to infundibular capillary bed
Carry releasing or inhibiting hormones; all peptides except prolactin IH

70
Q

Hypothalamic control of posterior pituitary: Two hormones released by

A

separate neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

71
Q

Hypothalamic control of posterior pituitary: Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin:

A

↑water uptake by kidney; ↓urine output
Loss of ADH: diabetes insipidus
Sense blood osmotic pressure also input from subfornical circumventricular organ

72
Q

Hypothalamic control of posterior pituitary: Oxytocin: contraction of

A

uterine (labor contractions) and other smooth muscles

73
Q

Hypothalamic control of posterior pituitary: Breast;

A

infant suckling; reflex in Mom from nipple to spinoreticular tract

74
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Autonomics: Anterior hypothalamus:

A

Stimulation produces parasympathetic effects- slow HR, constrict pupil, peristalsis, salivation

75
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Autonomics: Posterior hypothalamus:

A

Stimulation produces sympathetic effects- ↑ HR & BP, dilate pupils, intestinal stasis

76
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Autonomics: Axons from these areas project down

A

brainstem and spinal cord in dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (arrow)

77
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Feeding: Eating:

A

Baseline caloric/ nutrient intake, sensitive to blood glucose

78
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Feeding: Interplay of lateral and ventromedial nuclei creates

A

appestat (appetite set point) can be altered by serotonin anorexics often have high levels, bulimics reduced levels

79
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Feeding: Lateral nucleus: Stimulate-

A

feeding; lesion- refuse food

80
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Feeding: Ventromedial:

A

Stimulate- refuse food; bilateral lesion- feeding

81
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Feeding: This area also key to

A

rage and fear
Cats overweight due to ventromedial lesions are mean and aggressive
Cats underweight due to ventromedial stimulation: extremely docile

82
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Fight or flight: Male response: fight of flight

A

Corticotropin RH released by paraventricular nucleus→ACTH release pituitary →↑ cortisol from adrenal
Males: Show activation of lateral prefrontal cortex

83
Q

Hypothalamic functions: Fight or flight: Female response (BTW: not reported until 2000!):

A

tend and befriend- protect offspring; affiliate with social groups
Calming effect in females: oxytocin released in capillary bed of neurohypophysis and estrogen counteract sympathetic over activity due to stress
Females: show activation of cingulate gyrus (a cortical emotional control center)

84
Q

Sleeping and waking: Suprachiasmatic nucleus gets direct input from

A

retina, sets normal sleep/wake cycle with pineal gland

85
Q

Sleeping and waking: Lesions in posterior hypothalamus:

A

hypersomnolence or coma

86
Q

Sleeping and waking: Tuberomammillary nucleus in this region contains

A

histaminergic neurons with wide projections, arousal functions likely

87
Q

Sleeping and waking: Tuberomammillary nucleus activated by

A

orexin, liberated by lateral nucleus. Failure of orexin function leads to nacrolepsy

88
Q

Sexual arousal: A subset of neurons in the medial aspect of

A

preoptic nucleus is over twice as large in males than females
Rich in androgen receptors sensitive to circulating testosterone

89
Q

Sexual arousal: Females estrogen rich neurons in

A

ventromedial nucleus

90
Q

Memory

A

Mammillary bodies, limbic structure part of Papez circuit from hippocampus

91
Q

Hypothalamic Inputs:

A

Come from many different places, but 2 general areas are key:
Parts of the forebrain, especially limbic system
Brainstem & spinal cord

92
Q

Parts of the forebrain, especially limbic system

Convey info needed for

A

the hypothalamus to mediate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional states

93
Q

Brainstem & spinal cord

Convey

A

visceral and sensory information

94
Q

Many inputs use

A

medial forebrain bundle, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)

95
Q

Hypothalamic outputs

A

Outputs use many of the same pathways used by inputs

Cortical outputs end diffusely

96
Q

Limbic system: Generates feelings/ emotions from

A

sensory inputs, evolved to promote survival so activity varies depending on physiologic needs

97
Q

Limbic system: Limbic system includes

A

parts of brain that are primarily concerned with these functions

98
Q

Limbic system: Bridges autonomic/ voluntary responses to

A

environmental changes

Hypothalamus and cerebral cortex also involved

99
Q

Limbic system: Mostly consists of

A

cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

100
Q

Limbic cortex: 2 parts:

A

3-layered allocortex of hippocampus & septal area and mesocortex in parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate and insula

101
Q

Subcortical nuclei:

A

amygdala, also hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens and reticular formation

102
Q

Cingulate gyrus is superior to the

A

corpus callosum and can be followed around its posterior edge, the splenium, where it turns inferiorly as the isthmus and continues as the parahippocampal gyrus.

103
Q

Uncus,

A

medial protrusion of anterior aspect of parahippocampal gyrus. The amygdala is deep to the uncus.

104
Q

Superior border of the parahippocampal gyrus is the

A

hippocampal sulcus (seen on cut section)

105
Q

At the hippocampal sulcus you find the

A

hippocampus, a medial temporal structure.

106
Q

The limbic lobe and many structures it is interconnected with such as the hippocampus, make up the

A

limbic system, which is important in emotional responses, drive-related behaviors and memory.

107
Q

Limbic system is Closely associated with

A

orbitofrontal cortex and temporal lobe

108
Q

Amygdala:

A

emotional responses

109
Q

Hippocampus:

A

learning & memory

110
Q

Afferents to hippocampus: Input from septal nuclei is

A

modulatory in nature: affects chances that information in hippocampus will be retained

111
Q

Afferents to hippocampus: Entorhinal cortex is

A

the main source; it gets info from olfactory (minor) and many other areas (major)

112
Q

Hippocampus: Three distinct zones:

A

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis)

Subiculum, transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex

113
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent 2. Entorhinal cortex projects to

A

dentate gyrus

Perforant pathway

114
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 1. . Afferent fibers from

A

sensory cortex

115
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 3. Dentate neuron projects to

A

CA3

116
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 4. 4. CA3 neuron projects into

A

fimbria & CA1

117
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 5. CA1 neuron projects to

A

subiculum

118
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 6. Subiculum projects to

A

fimbria

Alvear pathway

119
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 7. Subicular neuron projects to

A

entorhinal cortex

120
Q

Hippocampal connections: Afferent: 8. Entorhinal neuron projects to

A

sensory cortex

121
Q

Fibers of the alveus collect and form the

A

fimbria, which transitions into the crus of the fornix.

122
Q

The crura converge in the midline forming the

A

body of the fornix, which is located at the inferior edge of the septum pellucidum.

123
Q

The fornix turns posteriorly and inferiorly forming the

A

columns of the fornix, which traverse the hypothalamus toward the mammillary bodies.

124
Q

Fornix is the direct continuation of the

A

fimbria

125
Q

Axons from

A

subiculum and hippocampus (CA3)

126
Q

Crus: arches up beneath

A

corpus callosum

127
Q

Fornix has a long course under the

A

corpus callosum

128
Q

Joins crus on other side, forming

A

trunk

Near hippocampal commissure

129
Q

Trunk divides into

A

two pillars, which split near anterior commissure
Precommissural fibers: Septal area
Postcommisural fibers: hypothalamus, mammillary body

130
Q

Efferents from Hippocampus

A

Outputs from subiculum and entorhinal cortex

131
Q

Papez circuit

A
  1. Neurons in cingulate gyrus project back
  2. Projection into entorhinal cortex
  3. Projection into hippocampus
  4. Fornix
  5. Mammillothalamic tract
  6. Projections from anterior nucleus of thalamus to cingulate cortex
132
Q

Papez circuit

A

Interactions among limbic structures, cortex & hypothalamus

Papez proposed that emotional experiences were processed

Memory

133
Q

Short-term

A

: hold information briefly in mind while you need it. A telephone number

134
Q

Long-term:

A

Stored information, can be retrieved

Explicit and implicit

135
Q

Explicit:

A

recall of facts/ events, aka declarative memory or episodic memory

136
Q

Implicit memory:

A

Performing a learned motor function, riding a bike

137
Q

Working memory:

A

needed for task at hand, driving along a known route

138
Q

Consolidation:

A

process of storing new information in long-term memory

139
Q

Novel facts are relayed from

A

sensory association areas to hippocampus for encoding, processed, encoded info sent back to association area it came from and (for the most part) does not depend on hippocampus for retrieval

140
Q

Bilateral removal of hippocampi impaired

A

declarative memory, could not form new:

Episodic memories (past personal experiences) or,
Semantic memories (ideas & concepts not related to personal experience) e.g. state capitals.
Working memory was intact and HM could learn new skills
141
Q

Hippocampal asymmetries: Left anterior hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex:

A

encode novel material involving language

142
Q

Hippocampal asymmetries: Right hippocampus and inferior parietal lobe engaged in

A

spatial tasks like driving a car

143
Q

Hippocampal asymmetries: Left anterior more active when material is novel,

A

as repetition makes it become familiar hippocampal activity shifts posteriorly

144
Q

Amgydala: In anterior, medial temporal lobe; merges with

A

periamygdaloid cortex, part of uncus
3 nuclear groups:
Medial: olfaction
Central: hypothalamus, PAG; emotional responses
Basolateral: cortex; central nuclei; emotional responses

145
Q

Amgydala: 3 nuclear groups:

A

Medial: olfaction
Central: hypothalamus, PAG; emotional responses
Basolateral: cortex; central nuclei; emotional responses

146
Q

Amygdala afferents: All sensory association areas have

A

direct input to the lateral nucleus

147
Q

Amygdala afferents: All these areas are also linked to

A

prefrontal cortex via association fibers so sensations can be cognitively evaluated

148
Q

Amygdala afferents: Visual areas:

A

phobias, anxiety states

149
Q

Most nuclei receiving afferents are

A

laterally situated, so collectively termed lateral nucleus

150
Q

Amygdala fiber pathways: 1. Stria terminalis: from

A

hypothalamus & septal nuclei

151
Q

Amygdala fiber pathways: 2. Ventral amygdalofugal pathway: from

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex

152
Q

Amygdala efferent: Stria terminalis: Emerges from

A

central nucleus, follows curve of caudate; fibers go to septal area & hypothalamus then medial forebrain bundle and central tegmental tract

153
Q

Amygdala efferent: Stria terminalis: Bed nucleus is regarded as

A

“extended amygdala” may be more active then amygdala in anxiety

154
Q

Amygdala efferent: Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

A

Also synapses with nucleus accumbens (not shown)

155
Q

Amygdala efferent: Periaqueductal gray (to medulla/ raphespinal tract)

A

Function: Antinociception

156
Q

Amygdala efferent: Periaqueductal gray (to medullary recticulopinal tract)

A

Function: Freezing

157
Q

Amygdala efferent: Norepinephrine medullary neurons

Project to lateral gray horn

A

Function: ↑heart rate, ↑ blood pressure

158
Q

Amygdala efferent: Hypothalamus/ dorsal nucleus of vagus (heart)

A

Function: ↓ heart rate, fainting

159
Q

Amygdala efferent: Hypothalamus (release corticotropin RH)

A

Function: Stress hormone secretion

160
Q

Amygdala efferent: Parabrachial nucleus to medullary respiratory nuclei

A

Function: Hyperventilation (panic attacks)

161
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome: Bilateral temporal lobe injury, involves

A

amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

162
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome: Fearless, placid, no

A

emotional reactions, don’t respond to threats from others, don’t flee from threats
Amygdala damage

163
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome:

Males become

A

hypersexual, indiscriminate will… um, with….. inanimate objects, different species
Amygdala damage

164
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome:

Inordinate attention to all

A

sensory stimuli, sniff and examine everything orally. If possible to eat they will eat it

165
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome: May pick up the same object repeatedly

A

as they seem to recognize nothing (visual agnosia)

Visual association cortex damage

166
Q

Nucleus accumbens, aka ventral striatium: Stimulation: sense of

A

well-being

167
Q

Nucleus accumbens, aka ventral striatium: “high” feeling due to

A

dopamine release in NA (and medial prefrontal cortex) from ventral tegmental area

168
Q

Limbic loop in basal ganglia: Pleasure↑

A

ventral striatial dopamine release from ventral tegmental area in midbrain

169
Q

Limbic loop in basal ganglia: Drive-related information to influence

A

movement/ behavior

170
Q

Limbic loop in basal ganglia: Associate stimuli with

A

rewards

Anatomy 2 Unit 3 (14 decks)

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