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Anatomy 2 Unit 3 > 12 - Thoracic Walls, Lungs, Middle Mediastinum > Flashcards

12 - Thoracic Walls, Lungs, Middle Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Manubrium – has

A

clavicular notch for sternoclavicular joint

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2
Q

Body – joins manubrium at

A

sternal angle (of Louis)

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3
Q

Head – articulates with

A

2 vertebral bodies & 1 disc

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4
Q

Tubercle – articulates with

A

1 transverse process

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5
Q

Body – region of greatest curve =

A

= angle

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6
Q

Costal groove – formed by

A

intercostal v., a. & n.

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7
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Breasts are

A

superficial

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8
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Composed of

A

secretory glands & superficial fascia

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9
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Internal thoracic a. & v.

A

– 2nd to 4th intercostal space

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10
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Lymphatics – drain to

A

parasternal nodes & axillary nodes

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11
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Lat. & ant. nn. of 4th to

A

6th intercostal nn. carry cutaneous (GS) innervation.

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12
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Region of

A

m. attachment between UL & anterior chest

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13
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Composed of

A

Pectoralis major & minor muscles

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14
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Pectoralis major

A

–divided into clavicular & sternocostal heads

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15
Q

Thoracic Wall: Pectoral Region: Pectoralis minor –

A

enveloped in clavipectoral fascia

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16
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

external
internal
innermost

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17
Q

Intercostal Vein, Artery, & Nerve

in

A

costal groove along inferior border of rib (ICS superiorly)

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18
Q

Collateral nerve, artery & vein

A

another intercostal structure

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19
Q

Pleura

A

Serous secreting membranes that reduce friction

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20
Q

Parietal pleura

A

covers thoracic walls
very sensitive to pain
-intercostal and phrenic nerves

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21
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers lungs
NOT sensitive
no sensory n. supply

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22
Q

Note: both pleural layers are continuous at the

A

root of the lung

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23
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural cavities: potential cavities can

A

can become actual

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24
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural cavities: potential cavities can

pathological fluid =

A

effusion; may fill space

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25
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural cavities: potential cavities can

may compress

A

lungs

difficulty breathing

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26
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural cavities: potential cavities: pleural effusions visible on

A

chest films

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27
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural cavities: potential cavities can

A

can obsure lung in film

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28
Q

Pneumothorax

A

accumulation of air in pleural cavity

collapse of lung due to its own elasticity

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29
Q

Hemothorax

A

accumulation of blood in pleural cavity

may cause adhesions & infection if not removed

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30
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of pleura

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31
Q

Pleurisy usually leads to formation of

A

pleural adhesions

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32
Q

Pleurisy between

A

between parietal and visceral pleura

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33
Q

Pleurisy can produce

A

exquisite pain relative to parietal pleura

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34
Q

Pleurisy can be caused by:

A

Infections (viral or bacterial or fungal), autoimmune disorder (rheumatoid arthritis), certain medications, rib fracture, tuberculosis (TB), congestive heart failure, cancer (pulmonary – adjacent to pleura), pulmonary embolism, collagen vascular disease, or certain inherited diseases (such as sickle cell disease).

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35
Q

Pleurisy symptoms:

A

Symptoms include: pain in the chest – aggravated by breathing in (pain may be in the back or shoulder regions as well), shortness of breath, local tenderness, in some cases also a cough and fever.

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36
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural tap(Thoracentesis)

A

Aspiration of fluids

\Midaxillary line or slightly posterior

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37
Q

Clinical Notes: Pleural tap(Thoracentesis): ICS 6 or 7

A

if needle inserted in ICS 8 or 9, may pierce diaphragm, liver or spleen
needle position to avoid intercostal n. & vessels

38
Q

L Lung

A

: 2 lobes

upper & lower

39
Q

Oblique (major) fissure

A

both lungs

40
Q

R Lung :

A

3 lobes

upper, middle, lower

41
Q

Horizontal (minor) fissure

A

R lung only

42
Q

Occasionally one can find an extra or an absent

A

fissure

43
Q

Root of the Lungs: Connects lung to

A

mediastinum

44
Q

Root of the Lungs: covered in

A

sleeve of pleura

45
Q

Root of the Lungs: consists of

A

bronchi & pulmonary vessels

46
Q

Root of the Lungs: Inferiorly sleeve mostly

A

empty & collapsed, contains only a few lymph vessels = pulmonary ligament

47
Q

Middle Mediastinum

A

Pericardium & heart
Phrenic nn. applied to pericardium
Pericardiacophrenic vessels
Roots of great vessels to & from heart

48
Q

The pericardium, a double fibroserous membrane, forms the

A

pericardial sac that surrounds the heart and the origins of the great vessels

49
Q

The pericardium is composed of two layers:

A

an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.

50
Q
  1. The outer fibrous pericardium is composed of
A

tough in-elastic connective tissue. It is attached inferiorly to the diaphragm and is continuous superiorly with the tunica adventitia (outer layer) of the great vessels.

51
Q
  1. The thin serous pericardium consists of a
A

parietal part and a visceral part.

52
Q

The parietal layer (part) of serous pericardium lines the

A

inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.

53
Q

The visceral layer (part) of serous pericardium firmly adheres to the

A

outer surface of the heart as the epicardium.

54
Q

Trachea

A

splits into 2 primary (main) bronchi

55
Q

Primary bronchi

A

split into 2 or 3 secondary (lobar) bronchi

56
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

split into 8 or 10 tertiary (segmental) bronchi

57
Q

Secondary bronchi: Supplied by

A

single branch of pulmonary a.

58
Q

Secondary Bronchi; Smallest

A

functionally independent region

59
Q

Sympathetic trunks

lungs

A

Paravertebral
contribute to anterior & posterior pulmonary plexuses
dilates bronchioles

60
Q

Vagus nn. : pass posteriorly to

A

roots of lungs

61
Q

vagus nn: closely applied to

A

trachea, esophagus & aorta

62
Q

Vagus nn: contribute to

A

anterior & posterior pulmonary plexuses

63
Q

Vagus n: constrict the

A

bronchioles

64
Q

Phrenic nn.

pass anteriorly to

A

roots of lungs

65
Q

Phrenic nn.

closely applied to

A

pericardial sac

66
Q

Pericardiacophrenic vessels

run with the

A

phrenic nn.

67
Q

Pericardiacophrenic vessels : branches of

A

internal thoracic aa. & brachiocephalic vv.

68
Q

Bronchial aa.

A

supplies nutrients to bronchi & lungs

69
Q

Lymph vessels & nodes

drain lymph from

A

lungs via tracheobronchial nodes & R/L bronchomediastinal trunks

70
Q

Mediastinum – broad central partition separating

A

2 pleural cavities

71
Q

The mediastinum is subdivided into 4 smaller regions:

A 
Superior
Inferior
   -Anterior
   -Middle
   -Posterior
72
Q

Mediastinum: Extends from the

A

thoracic inlet to diaphragm & from sternum to 12th thoracic vertebra

73
Q

Pericardium: Fibrous portion –

A

attached to diaphragm inferiorly

74
Q

Pericardium: Serous portion –

A

divided into parietal and visceral layers

75
Q

Pericardium: Encloses

A

heart & pierced by roots of 8 vessels

SVC, IVC, aorta, Pulm. trunk & 4 pulm. vv.

76
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

complete inner pericardial membrane (parietal & visceral layers)

77
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

inside pericardial sac
potential space between serous & parietal layers
contains only a small amount of serous fluid

78
Q

Pericardial Effusion: accumulation of

A

excess fluid in pericardial cavity

compresses heart

79
Q

Pericardial Effusion: common in conjunction with

A

congestive heart failure

80
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Hemopericardium: accumulation of blood in

A

pericardial cavity

81
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Hemopericardium: associated with

A

penetrating heart wounds or perforated heart m. following MI

82
Q

Pericardial Effusion: Hemopericardium: Arterial bleeding into cavity leads to

A

cardiac tamponade = compression of the heart and roots of great vessels

83
Q

Rest and digest =

A

vagus n

84
Q

Fascia layer between pec minor and major

A

reduces friction

85
Q

Subcostals cover

A

2 intercostal spaces rather than 1

86
Q

Rib neurovasculature runs between

A

internal and innnermost intercostals

87
Q

Intercostal

A

vein, artery, nerve

88
Q

Collateral

A

nerve, artery, vein (bottom of intercostal space)

89
Q

Posterior intercostals directly from

A

aorta

90
Q

Collaterals are

A

branches off posterior intercostal

91
Q

Pleurisy

A

adherence of parietal and visceral pleura from inflammation

92
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

lymphatics reside here - also provides for room for movement (redundancy in case of failure as well)

Anatomy 2 Unit 3 (14 decks)

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