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GCSE Biology > 6)Coordination and Response > Flashcards

6)Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

How does responding to the environment help organisms survive?

A
  • Animals can increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their external environment
  • They can also control their internal environment
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2
Q

What is a change in the internal or external environment called?

A

A stimulus (plural stimuli)

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3
Q

What do receptors detect?

A

A receptor detects stimuli

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4
Q

What do receptors in the sense organs detect?

A

They are group of cells that detect external stimuli

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5
Q

What are the sense organs?

A

The eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin

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6
Q

What are effector cells?

A

Bring a response to stimuli

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7
Q

How do receptors communicate with effectors?

A

Via the nervous system, the hormonal system but sometimes both

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8
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

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9
Q

What are the main type of neurons?

A
  • Sensory
  • Relay
  • Motor
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10
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What happens when receptors in a sense organ detect a stimulus?

A

They send electrical impulses along the sensory neurons to the CNS. Then the CNS sends electrical impulses to an effector along a motor neuron.

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12
Q

What is the main job of the CNS?

A

Its to coordinate the response

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13
Q

What do coordinated responses always need?

A

A stimulus, a receptor and an effector

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14
Q

Why can the nervous system bring about very rapid responses?

A

Because neurons transmit information using high speed electrical impulses

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15
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Reflexes are automatic responses to certain stimuli, they can reduce the chances of being injured

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16
Q

What happens if someone shines a bright light in your eyes?

A

Your pupils automatically get smaller so that less light gets into the eye - this stops it getting damaged

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17
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Lubricates and protects the surface of the eye

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18
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The cornea refracts light into the eye. The cornea is transparent and has no blood vessels to supply it with oxygen, so oxygen diffuses in from the outer surface

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19
Q

What is the iris?

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil and therefore how much light enters the eye

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20
Q

What do the lens do?

A

The lens focusses the light onto the retina

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21
Q

What does the optic nerve do?`

A

Carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

22
Q

What is the iris reflex?

A

Adjusting for bright light

23
Q

How do you look at distant objects?

A

1) The ciliary muscles relax

2) This makes the lens go thin

24
Q

How can you look at near objects?

A

1) The ciliary muscles contract

2) The lens become more fat (more curved)

25
Q

What is the difference between long sighted people and short sighted people?

A
  • Long sighted people are unable to focus on near objects

- Short sighted people are unable to focus on distant objects

26
Q

What is ADH? (Give the source, role and effect)

A
  • Source: Pituitary gland
  • Role: Controls water content
  • Effects: Increases the permeability of the kidney tubes to water
27
Q

What is adrenaline? (Give the source, role and effect)

A
  • Source: Adrenal glands
  • Role: Readies the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response
  • Effect: Increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level
28
Q

What is insulin? (Give the source, role and effect)

A

-Source: Pancreas
-Role: Helps control blood sugar level
Effect: Stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

29
Q

What is testosterone? (Give the source, role and effect)

A
  • Source:Testes
  • Role: Main male sex hormone
  • Effect: Promotes male secondary characteristics
30
Q

What is progesterone? (Give the source, role and effect)

A
  • Source: Ovaries
  • Role: Supports pregnancy
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus
31
Q

What is oestrogen? (Give the source, role and effect)

A
  • Source: Ovaries
  • Role: Main female sex hormone
  • Effect: Controls the menstrual cycle and promotes secondary sexual characteristics
32
Q

What are the three things that nerves do?

A

1) Send a very fast message
2) Act for a short time
3) Act on a precise area

33
Q

What are the three things that hormones do?

A

1) Send a slower message
2) Act for a longer time
3) Act in a more general way

34
Q

What does it mean if a response is really quick?

A

Its nervous

35
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment

36
Q

Give two examples of homeostasis

A

1) Water content

2) Body temperature

37
Q

Name three ways of how water is lost through the body

A

1) Through the skin as sweat
2) Via the lungs in breath
3) Via the kidneys as urine

38
Q

What is the optimum body temperature and why?

A
  • 37°C

- Enzymes work best at this temperature

39
Q

What does the skin do when you’re too hot?

A
  • When sweat is produced it evaporates which transfers heat, which cools the body down
  • Blood vessels close to the skin widen
  • Hair lies flat
40
Q

What is it called when blood vessels widen?

A

Vasodilation

41
Q

What does the skin do when you’re too cold?

A
  • Very little sweat is produced
  • Blood vessels near the surface constrict
  • You shiver, which generates heat in the muscles
  • Hairs stand up on end
42
Q

How does a plant increase their chances of survival?

A

By responding to their environment

43
Q

Give twoexamples of how a plant responds to their environment

A

1) They sense the direction of light and grow towards it to maximize light absorption for photosynthesis
2) They sense gravity

44
Q

What are auxins?

A

Auxins are plant hormones that control growth at the tips of shoots and roots

45
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

Auxin is produced in the tips and diffuses backwards to stimulate the cell elongation process, which occurs in the cells just behind the tips

46
Q

What is the response to light called?

A

Phototropism

47
Q

What is the response to gravity called?

A

Geotropism

48
Q

What does it mean if a shoot is positively phototrophic?

A

It grows towards light. The shoot will bend towards the light

49
Q

What does it mean if a shoot is negatively geotrophic?

A

It grows away from gravity

50
Q

What does it mean if a root is positively geotrophic?

A

It grows towards gravity

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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