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GCSE Biology > 2)Human Nutrtion > Flashcards

2)Human Nutrtion Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the structure of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars.

-They contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

They are made up of smaller carbohydrates (e.g. glucose or maltose) and they join together to make a larger form

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3
Q

Give two examples of complex carbohydrates

A
  • Starch

- Glycogen

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4
Q

Explain proteins

A

Proteins are made up of Amino acids

-They contain carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

Explain lipids

A

Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol

-They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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6
Q

Explain the test for glucose

A

1) Add Benedict’s Reagent (blue colour) to a sample and heat it
2) if there is glucose a coloured precipitate will form
3) The precipitate will change from:
blue>green>yellow>orange>brick red

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7
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

1)Add iodine to a sample and if the starch is present the sample changes from browny-orange to a dark, blue-black colour

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8
Q

Why do we eat carbohydrates?

A
  • Found in pasta, rice and sugar

- Provides energy

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9
Q

What do we eat lipids?

A
  • Found in butter and oily fish

- Provide energy, act as an energy store and provide energy insulation

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10
Q

Why do we eat Proteins?

A
  • Found in meat and fish

- Needed for growth and repair of tissue and to provide energy in emergencies

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11
Q

Why do we eat vitamin A?

A
  • Found in Liver

- Helps improve vision and keep your skin and hair healthy

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12
Q

Why do we eat vitamin C?

A
  • Found in oranges

- Needed to prevent scurvy

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13
Q

Why do we eat vitamin D?

A
  • Found in eggs

- Needed for calcium absorption

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14
Q

Name the two mineral ions

A

Calcium and Iron

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15
Q

Why do we eat calcium?

A
  • Found in milk and cheese

- Needed to make bones and teeth

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16
Q

Why do we eat iron?

A
  • Found in red meat

- Needed to make haemoglobin for healthy blood

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17
Q

Why do we eat iron?

A
  • Found in red meat

- Needed to make haemoglobin for healthy blood

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18
Q

Why do we drink water?

A
  • Found in food an drink

- Every bodily function requires water

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19
Q

Why do we have dietary fibre?

A
  • Found in wholemeal bread

- Aids the movement of food through the gut

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20
Q

What are the six essential nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water

21
Q

How can you test how much energy is in food?

A

Burn it.

22
Q

Equation of the amount of energy in joules

A

energy in food = mass of water x temperature change of water x 4.2

23
Q

Equation to find energy per gram of food

A

energy per gram of food = energy in food ÷ mass of food

24
Q

How to make the experiment more accurate

A

Insulate the boiling tube (with foil) to minimise the heat lost

25
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Amylase converts starch into maltose

26
Q

What does maltose do?

A

Converts maltose into glucose

27
Q

What does maltase do?

A

Converts maltose into glucose

28
Q

What does Protease do?

A

Converts Proteins into Amino acids

29
Q

What does lipases do?

A

Converts Lipids into Glycerol and Fatty Acids

30
Q

Explain Bile

A

Bile is produces in the liver. it stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine.

31
Q

What does Bile do?

A

Bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fat

32
Q

List the order of the organs of the digestive system:

A

1) Mouth
2) Oesophagus
3) Stomach
4) Small intestine
5) Large intestine
6) Anus

33
Q

What happens to food at the mouth?

A

1) Salivary glands in the mouth

2) Teeth mechanically break down the food

34
Q

What happens to food at the oesophagus?

A

The muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach

35
Q

What happens to food at the stomach?

A

1) It pummels the food with its muscular walls
2) It produces the protease enzyme, pepsin
3) It produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH for the protease enzyme (pH 2)

36
Q

What happens to food the small intestine?

A

1) Produces protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes to complete digestion
2) Where the nutrients are absorbed

37
Q

What happens to food at the large intestine?

A

Where excess water is absorbed from the food

38
Q

What happens at the liver in digestion?

A

Where bile is produced

39
Q

What happens at the pancreas in digestion?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes. It releases these into the small intestine

40
Q

What happens at the gall bladder?

A

Where bile is stored

41
Q

How is food moved down the gut?

A

Peristalsis

42
Q

How is food moved down the gut?

A

Peristalsis

43
Q

What are the main stages of digestion?

A

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Assimilation
5) Egestion

44
Q

What are the two ways of digestion in your body?

A
  • Mechanical (Teeth and Stomach)

- Chemical (Enzyme and Bile)

45
Q

What is absorption?

A

Its the process of moving molecules through the walls of the intestines into the blood. Digested food molecules are absorbed in the small intestine.

46
Q

What is assimilation?

A

When digested molecules have been absorbed, they’re moved into body cells. The digested molecules then become part of cells- this process is known as assimilation.

47
Q

What is egestion?

A

All the non-digested food forms faeces, which are no use to your body, which goes through the anus, this is known as egestion

48
Q

What does villi do?

A

Villi are in the small intestine and they help with absorption

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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