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My Anatomy and Physiology > 6. Basic Neuroscience > Flashcards

6. Basic Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe communication by nervous system and the benefits

A

Neuron -> nerve impulse -> neurotransmitter -> target cells

Faster signalling

Neuron smallest functional unit in body

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2
Q

Briefly describe endocrine system and benefits?

A

Endocrine cells -> hormone in bloodstream -> target cells

Small amount of hormone needed for whole body

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3
Q

Describe the prototypical neuron?

A

Neurons are highly polaried, very different one end to other, made up of axon, soma (cell body) and dendrites

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4
Q

What are the two major cell types in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glia

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5
Q

Describe the axon?

A

Gap in the myelin = node (of ranvier)

Myelin sheath on axon = white electrical insulator

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6
Q

Describe the glia?

A

Glial cell not quite as polarised

Outnumber neurons by 10:1

May mediate some signalling in brain

Primary role is to support neurons

Can divide unlike neurons

Also known as neuroglia

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7
Q

Name the CNS glial cells and PNS glial cells?

A

CNS glial cells: astrocytes (astroglia), oligodendrocytes, ependymal (make csf) and microglia (immune function)

PNS glial cells: Schwann cells

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8
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes/schwann cells and their function?

A

Make myelin from cholesterol and myelinate axons of neurons

Oligodendrocytes=Many branches/axons=CNS

Schwann cells=Single axon=PNS

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9
Q

What is the support for the nervous system?

A

There is no internal connective tissue for support, the supporting cells are all Glia.

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10
Q

What is the grey matter?

A

Grey matter = nerve cell bodies

Outside of the brain e.g. cortex and basal nuclei and inner part of the spinal cord

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11
Q

What is white matter?

A

White matter = axons and myelin

Inner part of the brain and outer part of the spinal cord

White is from fatty tissue in myelin

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12
Q

What are the types of neuron?

A

Unipolar (Psuedo)

Bipolar

Multipolar

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13
Q

Which direction do signals travel along a neuron?

A

Dendrites receive

Cell body integrates

Synapse Transmits

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14
Q

What is the role of axons?

A

Specialised for transmission of information

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15
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

Specialised for receipt of information

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16
Q

What similarities and differences are there between neurons and other cells?

A

Similarities:

  • cell body with cytosol and organelles including a nuclus
  • cell membrane (plasmalemma)

Uniquie(ish):

  • can’t reproduce
  • can trigger action potentials (excitable cells)
17
Q

What other cells to nerve cells communicate with?

A

Nerve cell -> nerve cell

Nerve cell innovates muscle

Nerve cell innovates glands

18
Q

Movement of charges ions across cell membranes depends on what?

A

Diffusion and electricity

19
Q

Which way do charged ions want to move?

A

From areas of high to low concentrations

20
Q

What charge to charged ions move towards?

A

Charged ions move to areas of opposite charge

21
Q

How can ions be kept outside of inside the cell against their concentration gradients?

A

Channels and pumps that can be made to stay closed or forced to work

22
Q

What is voltage/membrane potential?

A

The difference in charge from different ions outside and inside the cell

23
Q

Is neuron polarised?

A

Inside of a neuron is negative compared to outside (polarised) typically -70 or -80 mV

24
Q

What ions are inside and outside the resting cell?

A

Sodium Na+ - Positive charge - Outside cell

Protein - Negative charge - Inside cell

PO4 3- - Negative charge - Inside cell

Maintained by sodium-potassium pump

25
Q

Describe the resting cell membrane?

A

Polarised

Negative inside (lots of protein)

Positive outside (lots of sodium)

26
Q

Describe the stimulation phase of an action potential?

A

Depolarisation

Sodium channels open

Sodium moves in

Reversal of electrical ppotevntial (inside becomes +ve)

27
Q

Describe the repolarisation phase of an action potential?

A

Repolarisation

Sodium channels close

Potassium channels open

Potassium moves out

Return of electrical potential inside to -ve

28
Q

What happens if stimulation is below threshold for action potential?

A

No action potential

All or nothing

29
Q

What happens if stimulation is above threshold for action potential?

A

Fixed size of action potential whether it’s just above threshold or miles above hreshold

30
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Myelin does the job of electrical tape - it insulates the axon so the flow of Na+ ionns in the action potential can travel quickly without dissipating out of the cell

31
Q

What is MS?

A

Multiple Sclerosis is a disease affecting the myeling. Myelin is attacked by the body’s own immune system and degraded

32
Q

What does no myelin mean for the action potential?

A

No myelin means the action potential will move more lowly down the neuron. Many problems in nerve function then happen, depending on the location of myelin attack.

33
Q

What do you call the neuron before and after the synapse?

A

Presynaptic neuron

Postsynaptic neuron

34
Q

Describe a chemical synapse?

A

Action potential in nerve terminal opens Ca2+ channels

Ca2+ entry causes vesicle fusion and transmitter release

Receptor-channels open, Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell and vesicle recycle

35
Q

Name some neurotransmitters?

A

Serotonin

Acetyl choline

Glutamate

Dopamine

GABA

noradrenaline

adrenaline

36
Q

How are neurons classified?

A
  1. ) Sensory (afferent: somatic or visceral) neurons originate from senory receptors to the processor
  2. ) Motor (efferent: somatic or visceral) neurons conduct signals that originate in the CNS
  3. ) Interneurons are between sensory and motor neurons
37
Q

Name 3 problems with neurons that can cause clinical problems?

A
  • Paralysis - damage to the spine means action potentials can’t travel down neurons to/from areas below the damage usually crush or severing of spinal cord
  • Stokes and head injuries - regions of cell death in the brain stop signals being generated or interpreted in that area usually cell death due to brain starvation of blood or oxygen
  • Alzheimer’s disease - make too much protein, tangles up, means signalling can’t occus
38
Q

Give examples of neurological exams?

A

Glasgow coma scale, pupillary light reflexes, tests for normal cranial nerve and midbrain function, muscle tone and strength

39
Q

Describe glasgow coma scale?

A

Rapid assessment of level of coma/consciousness especially useful following acute head injuries

Best GCS=15

Comatose GCS < 8

Totally unresponsive = 3

3 categories: eye opening response, best verbal response, best motor response

My Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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