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My Anatomy and Physiology > 4. Electrolytes and Transport Mechanism > Flashcards

4. Electrolytes and Transport Mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

Why is water balance interdependent with electrolyte balance?

A

Solutes move, water follows

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2
Q

How do electrolytes move across plasma membranes?

A

Electrolytes move across plasma membrane by diffusion then water follows by osmosis

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3
Q

What electrolytes are outside the cell?

A

Na+ 150 mmol/L

K+ 5.5 mmol/L

Cl- 125 mmol/L

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4
Q

What electrolytes are inside the cell?

A

Na+ 15 mmol/L

K+ 150 mmol/L

Cl- 9 mmol/L

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5
Q

Are there more sodium ions inside of outside the cell?

A

There are more sodium ions outside the cell

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6
Q

Are there more potassium ions inside or outside the cell?

A

There a more potassium ions inside the cell

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7
Q

Are there more chlorine ions inside or outside the cell?

A

There are more chlorine ions outside the cell

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8
Q

What is the most dominant extracellular ion?

A

Sodium (Na+)

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9
Q

What do sodium ions do?

A

Create osmotic pressure - sodium draws more water in, volume of blood and pressure of blood goes up

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10
Q

What is the normal plasma range for sodium ions?

A

0.5g or 135-145mmol/L

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11
Q

What are sodium ions needed for?

A

Nerve conduction (excited nerve cell, na+ rushes in, allows electrical impulses to travel through)

Propagation of action potential

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12
Q

What controls the amount of sodium?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Aldosterone

(opposte of each other)

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13
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do?

A

Causes kidneys to lose more sodium

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14
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Steroid hormone

Similar structure to testosterone

Makes kidneys reabsorb sodium

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15
Q

What is hypernatraemia and what are the symptoms?

A

Too much sodium

Caused by high dietary na+ or infusion of hypertonis saline or water loss or over secretion of aldosterone

Symptoms: thirst, fever, convulsions, raised BP?

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16
Q

What is hyponatraemia and what are the symptoms?

A

Too little sodium

Caused by inadequate intake of Na+ or vomitting or diarrhoea or burns

Symptoms: lethargy, confusion, reduced BP

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17
Q

What are potassium ions used for?

A

Nerve conduction - returning cell to its resting state after excitation

Muscles, excitatable cells e.g. neurons

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18
Q

What is the normal serum range of potassium ions?

A

3.5-5.0mmol/L

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19
Q

What is hyperkalaemia and are the symptoms?

A

Too much potassium

>5mmol/L

Due to increased renal excretion or burns or cell trauma

Symptoms: irritability, muscle weakness - extreme cardiac arrest

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20
Q

What is hypokalaemia and are the symptoms?

A

Too little potassium

<3.5mmol/L

Symptoms: abnormal ECG, bradycardia, muscle cramps, decreased tone in muscles

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21
Q

How long does stored blood last and why?

A

21-35 days as K+ leakage - plasma becomes hyperkalaemic, as red blood cells have no nucleus they can’t repair themselves

Due to improved cyropreservation now 10yrs

22
Q

What is the normal plasma concentration of calcium ions?

A

9.4mg/100mL

23
Q

What are calcium ions required for?

A

Healthy bones and teeth and nerve excitability

24
Q

What controls calcium ion levels?

A

Pathyroid hormone increases levels

Calcitonin decreases levels

25
Q

What is hypercalcaemia and what are the symptoms?

A

Too much calcium

Due to excess parathyroid hormone

Causes fatigue and weakness

26
Q

What is hypocalcaemia and what are the symptoms?

A

Too little calcium

Caused by vitamin D deficiency

Symptoms: muscle cramps - neuromuscular excitability

27
Q

Name some other electrolytes and their uses in the body?

A

Magnesium (Mg 2+) affects other ions

Chloride (Cl -) balancing HCL in stomach

Bicarbonae (HCO 3-) acid/base balance

Phosphorus (Phosphate PO4 3-) works like calcium, bones and teeth

28
Q

What can cause electrolyte imbalance?

A

Drud treatments e.g. diuretics effects K+ levels

Patient dependent e.g. on diet

29
Q

What would you do for electrolyte overdose?

A

Cation exchange resins promote the body to excrete excess electroyltes

30
Q

How do electrolytes get into and out of the cell?

A

Plasma membranes

31
Q

How does the plasma membrane help maintain homeostasis of the cell?

A

Defines cell boundaries

Controls interactions with other cells

Regulates what goes in and out of cell (selective permeability)

32
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Fluid mosaic - proteins (and carbohydrates) sandwiched between two layers of phopholipid in an oily film

33
Q

What is the membrane made up of?

A

90-99% Lipids

1-10% Proteins (these are heavier and account for half of weight)

34
Q

What is a phopholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic heads outside

Hydrophobic tails in the centre

(think washing hair not washing feet)

Cholesterol makes membrance “fluid” (if cholesterol level is low membrane goes more rigid)

35
Q

Where are the membrane proteins found?

A

Across the plasma membrane

OR

Adhered to the intracellular surface

36
Q

What do membrane proteins do?

A

Cell identity markers (antigens which identify cell as being one of yours)

Receptors

Channels, carriers and pumps

Cell-adhesion molecules

Enzymes

37
Q

Are channel proteins always open?

A

Some are and they allow water and hydrophilic solutes to diffuse in and out of the cells

Others are always closed and only open when chemical messengers bind to them, this causes the voltage to change across the membrane mechanically stretching it. They control passage of electrolytes, this is important in nerve signals and muscle contractions

38
Q

What are carriers?

A

Bind to solutes and transfer them across the membrane

Those using ATP are called PUMPS (against concentration gradient)

Balancing role (down conc gradient = no energy required, up conc gradient =energy required)

39
Q

Desribe carrier mediated transport?

A

Proteins in the cell membrane carry solutes through it

It’s either passive (facilitated diffusion down concentration gradient)

Or active (energy requiring)

Solute binds to specific receptor on carrier

Carrier can get saturated

40
Q

Is facilitated diffusion passive or active?

A

Passive

41
Q

Does facilitated diffusion go up or down concentration gradient?

A

Down concentration gradient, with a carier, does not require energy

42
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion?

A

Solute binds to carrier

Carrier changes shape

Carrier releases solute on other side

e.g. glucose

43
Q

Does active transport go up or down concentration gradient?

A

Up conc gradient, carrier requires ATP

44
Q

Describe active transport?

A

Substance binds to carrier

ATP phosphorlates carrier

Carrier changes shape

Carrier releases substance

e.g. sodium-potassium pump which pumps sodium out and potassium in

45
Q

What is the purpose of sodium-potassium pump?

A

Pump sodium out, potassium in

Regulates cell volume

Maintains membrane potential

46
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Eliminating or secreting material from cell (insulin can be released this way)

47
Q

What is Na+ used for?

A

Osmotic balance

Body fluid volume

Nerve conduction

Acid-base balance

48
Q

What is Cl- used for?

A

Essential for gastric acid production

Balancing ion

49
Q

What is PO4 - used for?

A

Acid-base balance

Bone formation

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Found in DNA

50
Q

What is Ca 2+ used for?

A

Bone formation

Muscle contraction

Blood clotting

Nerve impulses

51
Q

What is K+ used for?

A

Nerve conduction

High conc inside cell

Carbohydrate conversion into energy

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