Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My Anatomy and Physiology > 1. Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

1. Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

List the organisation of higher organisms?

A

Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> System -> Organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define a cell?

A

The fundamental unit of all living things - performs all basic function of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 5 components are a cell made up of?

A

Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nuclear region Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define a eukaryote?

A

Multi-cellular organism e.g. humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus (karyon) with DNA

Size 10-40 μm (some larger)

Extensive organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a prokaryote?

A

Single-cell organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the properties of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Lack nucleus; hereditary material in cytoplasm Size 1-5μm No organelles Cell wall and capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cytosol?

A

“where the action happens”

Cytosol is within eukaryotic cell

Inside plasma membrance

Viscous fluid - water, ions, proteins

Organelles are suspended in it

Also called cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are organelles?

A

Discrete structures that have a defined function e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, ER, lysosome etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

“gate keeper” or “door man”

Defines boundaries

Communicates with other cells

Controls flow of substances - selectively permeable

Maintains cellular homeostasis

Composition (lipids 90-99% proteins 1-10%)

Fluid Mosaic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are receptors located?

A

In the plasma membrance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Determine cell responses

Define cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

“control centre” or “the mayor”

Contains chromosomes which carry the genetic information for life - DNA

Nucleolus - RNA

Directs activity within cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, it dictates which proteins the cell produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

“big factory complex” or “assembly line”

controls all protein production in the cell

prepares proteins for transport to golgi apparatus or other cell parts

ribosomes dot the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough (dotted with ribosomes) - protein synthesis

Smooth - lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the golgi complex/apparatus?

A

“packaging plant”

Receives proteins from ER Packaging, Modifying and sorting proteins into vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

“power plant”

Provides energy for the cell by converting sugars into ATP

Contains it’s own DNA which bears no resemblance to ours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

20
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

“Recycling centre”

Break down waste and detoxify poisons

Contains enzymes

21
Q

What are secretory granules?

A

“Container transporters”

Contains a product to be realeased into the circulation

Granules bind to plasma membrane and their contents are released by exocytosis

22
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

“small factories”

Found on the ER or floating in the cytoplasm

Follow instructions from nucleus

Create proteins the cell needs

23
Q

Label the cell?

A
24
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are an aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and or function

25
Q

What are the basic tissues?

A

Epithelium

Connective

Muscle

Neural

26
Q

What is epithelium?

A

“Covering”

Layers of closely bound cells i.) covering internal and extrenal surfaces of organs ii.) linings of cavities and tubes

Supported by basemement membrance

27
Q

What is the function of epithelium?

A

Protective/barrier

Control absorption and secretion

28
Q

Give an example of where epithelial cells can be found?

A

GI Tract

29
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

By shape (squaemous, cuboidal or columnar)

By cell layers (simple or stratified)

30
Q

What are simple squamous epithelial cells?

A

Flat surface cells

One layer thick

Function: exchange of nutrients and gases

Location: blood vessels and alveoli

31
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A

Flat surface cells

Many layers

Function: barrier, protection

Location: oral cavity, anus, vagina, oesophagus, skin

32
Q

What are keratinised stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A

Flat surface cells

Many Layers

Keratin (protein)

Function: protection, barrier, waterproofing

Location - skin, hair, footpads of animals

33
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Cuboid cells

One layer

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: salivary glands, lachrymal glands, pancreas, kidney tubules

34
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A

Tall cells with basally located nuclei

One layer

Function: absorption and secretion

Location: many sites in the GI tract e.g. gall bladder

35
Q

What is modified simple columnar epithelium?

A

Tall cels with basally located nuclei

One layer

May have modifications e.g. microvilli

Function; ansorption and secretion

Location: enterocytes in the GI tract

36
Q

What is complex columnar epithelium?

A

Appear stratified

All cells touch basement membrane

Modifications - cillia and goblet cells

Functions: mucocilliary escalator

Location: trachea and large respiratory airways

37
Q

How do cell membranes of epithelial cell bind to one another?

A

Tight junctions or gap junctions

38
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Supporting tissue

Non-living material

Living material e.g. fibroblasts

Structural/metabolic support

39
Q

What is specialised connective tissue?

A

Consists of extracellular matrix:

  • proteins; proteoglycans, water (“ground substance”)
  • tissue fluid
  • fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic)
40
Q

Give some exampls of specialised connective tissue?

A

Bones and cartilage - hard tissues, high density of cells

Ligament - less dense/fibrous

Adipocytes - loose connections

Blood - cells and proteins

41
Q

What does muscle tissue consist of?

A

Muscle cells - fibres

42
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Contracts (shortening) and therefore can produce movement

43
Q

How many types of muscle tissue are there and what are they?

A

Three - skeletal, cardiac, smooth (hollow organs and blood vessels)

44
Q

Where is neural tissue found?

A

In the brain and spinal cord - Central nervous system

Also peripheral nervous system

45
Q

What are the three main parts of neural tissue?

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon

46
Q
A

My Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions