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My Anatomy and Physiology > 23. Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

23. Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name the types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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1
Q

Why is cellulose useful?

A

It’s not digested in humans but it’s an important source of fibre

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1
Q

Why are lipids useful for energy storage?

A

Twice as much energy per gram than sugars and proteins, especially useful if using lots of energy

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1
Q

What is special about fatty acids?

A

Most of them can be synthesized

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1
Q

Name the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B and C

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1
Q

How long does the absorptive state last?

A

Up to 4 hours after a meal

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1
Q

How is gestational diabetes controlled?

A

Usually by diet and exercise but in some cases may need oral hypoglycaemics or insulin?

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2
Q

What is the daily requirement of fat?

A

Should be less than 30% of daily calorie intake, GDA 70g/days of which 20g saturated

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2
Q

What are the two metabolic states?

A

Absorptive and postabsorptive

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2
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Stimulates gycogenolysis and lipolysis (especially in injury, fear, anger and stress)

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3
Q

How much of the body mass is protein?

A

12-15%

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3
Q

What are the sources of saturated fats?

A

Animal origin e.g. butter and meat

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4
Q

How would you test for diabetes mellitus?

A

Urinalysis for glucosuria (glucose in urine) followed by glucose tolerance test

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5
Q

What happens to proteins on ingestion?

A

Broken down into amino acids in digestive tract then synthesis of new proteins Also transamination (making amino acids) in liver

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5
Q

What are amino acids made up of?

A

An amino group (NH2+) and a carboxyl (acid) group (COO-)

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5
Q

What are the uses of lipids?

A

Energy storage Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Plasma membranes and myelin Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vit D and prostaglandins

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5
Q

During pregnancy, how much fibre should you eat and why?

A

Increase fibre as peristalsis slows resulting in constipation

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5
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Anabolism (building up)

Catabolism (breaking down)

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5
Q

How does insulin effect blood glucose?

A

LOWERS it

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5
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from?

A

Pancreatic alpha cells

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5
Q

Diabetics will have what fasting glucose levels?

A

> 7mmol/L or after 2 hrs a level of >12mmol/L

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6
Q

What is normal blood (plasma) glucose?

A

3.5-8.0 mmol/L

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8
Q

What is the GDA of carbohydrates?

A

230g/day which is greater than other nutrients

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9
Q

How are carbohydrates anabolysed?

A

Glucose converted to glycogen or triglycedrides for storage

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10
Q

What happens during the post aborptive state?

A

No absorption occurs. Mainly catabolic processes

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11
Q

What are the problems with excess fibre consumption?

A

Interferes with mineral absorption - iron, calcium etc

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11
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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12
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that can’t be synthesized by the body so must be included in the diet

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13
Q

What is a macro-nutrient?

A

Nutrients required in large amounts

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13
Q

How are lipids transported in the blood?

A

Combined with proteins to make lipoprotein droplets which are transported in the blood

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14
Q

What can energy be measured in?

A

Kilojoules (kJ) or kilocalories (kcal)

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16
Q

When are lipoproteins formed?

A

Constantly being formed and degraded

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18
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 - 8 of them must be ingested as they can’t be synthesize by the body (essential amino acids)

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18
Q

Describe what happens during glycolysis?

A

Glucose is quickly metabolised to 2 molecules of ATP and 2 moles of pyruvic acid (aka pyruvate). No oxygen is required.

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18
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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19
Q

What is HBA1C?

A

Glycated hemoglobin

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20
Q

What happens to blood glucose during absorptive state?

A

Blood glucose is high

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21
Q

What hormones are involved with blood glucose?

A

Insulin - decreases blood glucose

Glucagon - increases blood glucose

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23
Q

How long does the post absorptive state last?

A

From 4 hours to next meal

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24
Q

What happens to cause gestational diabetes?

A

Renal threshold for glucose falls secondary to an increase in glomerular filtration rate

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26
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Rate of energy released from cells

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27
Q

Name the macro-nutrients?

A

Water, carbohydrates, proteins and fats

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27
Q

What is a complete protein?

A

A complete protein contains ALL the essential amino acids

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28
Q

What do HDLs do?

A

They remove the cholesterol and return it to the liver for elimination

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30
Q

Give some examples of parts of the body made up of proteins?

A

Skeletal muscles Enzymes Hormones Cell membrane receptors Collagen Haemoglobin Hair and Nails

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31
Q

Name the monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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32
Q

Name the micro-nutrients?

A

Minerals and vitamins

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32
Q

What is sodium required for?

A

Water balance and nerve conduction

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33
Q

What are the types of lipoproteins that transport lipids?

A

Chylomicrons (protein coated lipid droplets) Very low density lipoproteins (VDLs) Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) High density lipoproteins (HDLs)

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34
Q

What happens in lipid anabolism?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol –> triglycerides

Lipogenesis - triglycerides formed from amino acids and glucose

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36
Q

What is the RDA of sodium?

A

6g/day but only need approx. 2g/day but typical diet contains about 4.5g/day

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37
Q

What are HDLs?

A

They are empty shells that are made in the liver and are transported to the tissues e.g. blood vessels

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37
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical and phsyical reactions that occur in the body to ensure continued growth and functioning

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38
Q

What is metabolism?

A

What we do with the nutrients once they are delivered to the cell

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39
Q

What nutrient is important in pregnancy?

A

Protein - for growth of mother and baby

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40
Q

What does the density of lipoproteins refer to?

A

the protein/fat ratio

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41
Q

What do VDLs do?

A

Transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes where triglycerides are stored

42
Q

Where would you complete proteins?

A

In animal products e.g. eggs, meat and milk

43
Q

What are the two metabolic states?

A

Absorptive and postabsorptive

45
Q

What is normal fasting glucose?

A

3.5-5.5 mmol/L

46
Q

What nutrients need to be restricted in children?

A

Children over 6 months, low salt and no added sugar

47
Q

Name the polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

49
Q

What is 1kcal defined as?

A

Amount of heat required to heat 1 litre of water by 1 degrees c

51
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Large molecules broken down to small ones e.g. glycogen to glucose to use

(NOTE: releases energy - ATP)

52
Q

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

In the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. In the presence of oxygen pyruvic acid passes into the mitochondrian to enter the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain. Because Acetyle Co Enzyme A and then 36 ATP.

53
Q

What naturally increases during pregnancy?

A

Early in pregnancy fat stores increase these are used later as an energy supply

53
Q

What happens during lipid catabolism?

A

Lipolysis

Breaking down fat for fuel:

glycerol -> glycolysis

fatty acids -> Acetyle Co enzyme A -> TCA Cycle

53
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

55
Q

How are vitamins obtained?

A

From meat and veg

56
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose?

A

Increases entry of glucose into cells (increases carriers for facilitated diffusion)

Stimulating glycogenesis

Stimulating protein and fat synthesis

Inhibiting gluconeogenesis

57
Q

What are the sources of cholesterol?

A

Egg yolks, cream, shellfish, organ meats and other meats

58
Q

Name the essential amino acids?

A

isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine

58
Q

Are lipids water soluble?

A

No

60
Q

What is cholesterol useful for in the body?

A

For hormones and plasma membranes

61
Q

What does diabetes mellitus have to do with ketones?

A

Lack of insulin leads to increased breakdown of fats and amino acids and can result in ketoacidosis

62
Q

Where is glucocorticoids released from?

A

Released by adrenal cortex

64
Q

Where are incomplete proteins found?

A

In plant sources e.g. beans

65
Q

What happens during the absorptive processes?

A

Mainly anabolic processes

67
Q

Which nutrients are important post partum?

A

Iron (blood loss), calcium (breast feeding) and vit d (breast feeding)

69
Q

Give some examples of minerals?

A

Calcium, phosphorous, iron, magnesium, manganese, chlorine, folate and other electrolytes

70
Q

What proportion of LDLs is protein and fat?

A

Low protein High Fat

72
Q

What is the GDA of protein?

A

45-60g/day depending on physiological state, age and sex

73
Q

Which mineral requirement increase during pregnancy?

A

Calcium Folate Zinc Iodine Iron

74
Q

What percentage of the adult body is lipids?

A

Male body fat 15% Female body fat 25%

75
Q

How are carbohydrates catabolysed?

A

Glucose is used to form ATP by glycolysis or the TCA cycle

76
Q

In the presence of oxygen what the ATP yioeld from the flycolysis of one glucose?

A

38 molecules of ATP

77
Q

Are ketones used by the body?

A

Yes, some cells use ketone bodies for energy (heart and kidney)

78
Q

What does HBA1C?

A

Glycated hemoglobic tells wether diabetes is controlled well - tells of hypers not hypos

79
Q

What is an incomplete protein?

A

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids

80
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Small molecules joined together to form complex structure e.g. glucose stored as glycogen

(NOTE: it uses energy)

82
Q

What happens in protein catabolism?

A

Amino acids can enter the TCA cycle. First they must be deaminated by removed of NH2 (amino group). The NH2 because NH3 (ammonia) a toxic substance that is converted to urea by the liver and then excreted in the urine

83
Q

Where do nearly all carbohydrates come from?

A

Plants

85
Q

What is the aim of the post absorptive state?

A

To prevent blood glucose falling

87
Q

What are the effects of fibre?

A

Absorbs water into intestines, softening the stool Provides bulk so speeds up transit time

88
Q

What vitamins are synthesized by the body?

A

Vitamins D and K

90
Q

What are lipoproteins made up of?

A

Core of cholesterol and triglycerides (lipids from diet) Outer coating of proteins and phospholipids

91
Q

What is important during gestational diabetes?

A

Frequent monitoring of plasma glucose levels

92
Q

What is glucose tolerance test?

A

Fast overnght, before and after 75g glucose load (or random)

93
Q

What are best form of carbohydrates and why?

A

Polysaccharides (complex carbs) as they are more complex to break down, so they are broken down slower which is better for us

94
Q

What processes allow blood glucose homeostasis?

A

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

96
Q

What is fibre?

A

Animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion

98
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Found only in small amount in cooked meats

99
Q

What 3 things prevent blood glucose falling during post absorptive state?

A

Glucagon

Adrenaline

Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone)

100
Q

What happens to insulin during absorptive state?

A

Insulin is secreted by beta cells (in islets of langerhans) of pancreas

101
Q

What happens where there are to many ketone bodies?

A

Ketoacidosis

103
Q

Name the disaccharides?

A

Sucrose which is glucose and fructose Lactose which is glucose and galactose Maltose which is 2x glucose

104
Q

What is the disadvantage of eating plant products?

A

Must be combined to ensure all amino acids are provided

105
Q

What are special about water soluble vitamins?

A

Can’t be stored by the body

107
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

Released by sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

108
Q

What happens during lipid anabolism?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol -> triglycerides

Lipogenesis - triglycerides formed from amino acids and glucose

109
Q

What is the advantage of eating animal products?

A

They provide other nutrients (vitamins and minerals etc)

110
Q

What is increased transit time associated with?

A

Decreased bowel cancer in some studies

111
Q

What are the types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1 (insulin dependence)

Type 2 (non-insulin dependence)

113
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrates?

A

Converted to energy (e.g. neurons and RBCs which depend on glucose) Form structural components of other molecules (e.g. glycoproteins) Provides energy stores (glycogen in liver, excess converted and stored as fat)

114
Q

What is the conversion between kcal and kj?

A

1kcal=4.184kj

115
Q

What is a micro-nutrient?

A

Nutrients required in small amounts

116
Q

Describe the absorptive metabolic state?

A

Up to 4 hours after a meal and mainly anabolic processes

117
Q

Where are minerals found?

A

Veg, milk, eggs, meat, fish and shellfish

118
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

Transport triglycerides and cholesterol from small intestine to liver and adipocytes via lymphatic vessels

119
Q

What is your daily requirement of fibre?

A

24g/day

120
Q

What are the sources of unsaturated fats?

A

Nuts, seeds and most vegetable oils

121
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

122
Q

Describe the postabsorptive metabolic state?

A

From 4 hours after meal to next meal, no absorption occuring, mainly catabolic processes

123
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Stimulate gluconeogenesis

123
Q

What causes diabetes mellitus?

A

Stress

Viral

Environmental

Genetic

Diet

125
Q

What happens in lipid catabolism?

A

Lipolysis (breaking down fat for fuel)
Glycerol –> glycolysis

fatty acids –> acetyle co enzyme a –> TCA cycle

126
Q

Name some non-essential amino acids?

A

Glutamine Tyrosine

128
Q

How do we get nutrients?

A

Nutrients are provided by the food we eat

129
Q

What proportion of HDLs is protein and fat?

A

High protein Low fat

130
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides joined together, usually glucose + something

131
Q

What do LDLs do?

A

Transport cholesterol to tissues e.g. blood vessels

132
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

Energy release required to support vital organs at rest (12hr fasting in warm environment)

133
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from amino acids

134
Q

What do all carbohydrates generate?

A

Glucose

135
Q

What to vitamins do in metabolic activities?

A

Act a co-enzymes and carry out many other functions

136
Q

What happens in protein anabolism?

A

Amino acids used to form new proteins

137
Q

Why don’t type 2 take insulin?

A

Because they’re insulin resistant, cells aren’t responding to it

138
Q

What are the risk factors for gestational diabtes?

A

BM 30kg/m2

Previous big baby

Cose relative with diabetes

Previous gestational diabetes

139
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
140
Q

What is the average basal metabolic rate?

A

2000kcal/day for women, 2500kcal/day for men

141
Q

What nutrients are used for growth, repair or maintenance?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water

142
Q

When are ketones produced?

A

When too much acetyl co enzyme A enters the TCA cycle (during fat and protein breakdown in liver) acetyl co enzyme a is converted into ketone bodies

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