6 Flashcards
Where salt goes…
…water follows
What does the order of amino acids do?
The order of amino acids dictate a protein’s structure
What are 3 pancreatic proteases?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
What effect does taking supplements have on the proteins sharing the same transport particle?
Taking a supplement will cause a deficiency for the competing protein & make the supplement toxic over time
What do you find in breastmilk?
Antibodies
Up to what age can you absorb whole proteins?
4-6 months
At rest, what do you get your energy from?
Fat
How is protein used in the immune system?
Protein makes antibodies
What are proteins used for?
Glucose, fatty acids, ketones or Energy
Eating more protein can increase risk of what disease?
Kidney disease
What kind of animal foods provide the most concentrated sources of protein?
Steak, Scrambled eggs, Milk
SKIP: What are some readily absorbable sources of minerals?
Uhh skip Red meat has ‘Iron, Zinc, Calcium’ ?
What distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat?
Protein contains Nitrogen
What can be made from the essential amino acid, Phenylalanine?
The amino acid, Tyrosine
What determines the final shape of a Protein?
The chemical properties & forces that attract/repel amino acids from one another, & the order they are in Water
Denaturation
A change from the natural Polypeptide chain
Does the body store protein?
No it gets converted into fat for storage
What do you need to make seritonin from tryptophan?
Nitrogen from amino acids
What are Proteins made from?
Proteins are made from amino acids
What are some nitrogen-containing molecules?
Neurotransmitters; Melanin; Niacin; Creatine phosphate; Histamine
Gene Expression
A gene making protein corresponding to its code
Why aren’t Genes always being expressed?
Gene expression takes place ONLY at at any given time proteins are needed
Does the body store protein?
No it gets converted into fat for storage
What are you going to get from amino acids that you wont get from carbohydrate or fat?
Nitrogen
What do you need to make seritonin from tryptophan?
Nitrogen from amino acids
When do you need more protein than you’re using?
During growth stages: Athletic training (to retain more muscle) Pregnany & nursing Recovery from an illness
What happens when you dont get energy from protein?
Your body breaks down tissue for energy from fat
How many calories do you burn when breastfeeding?
An additional 500kcal thats why its recommended to breastfeed to lose weight from labor
What should one do if they are allergic to soy or they dont like quinoa?
Thats when you combine food sources to get your protein needs (eat complementary proteins)
Which cells are most susceptible to infection?
Intestinal cells because they have a high turnover rate and are most used for protein energy
How does liver get rid of fat when you arent getting enough protein in your diet?
It cant send out VLDLs so the fat ends up accumulating in the liver ending up to be a “fatty liver”
Limiting Amino Acid
The lack of this amino acid limits the ability to synthesize protein
Why do Insulin and glucagon act rapidly?
These protein hormones affect the activity of the proteins already present in the cell
What is pH?
The specific level of acidity for the chemical reactions of metabolism to occur
What can proteins broken down to and be used for?
proteins are broken down into amino acids to provide energy or synthesize glucose and fatty acids
Why do Americans use amino acids as fuel for the body?
Typical diet: Protein consumed > Required amount of protein for protein synthesis
Because extra amino acids can’t be stored, where do they go?
Extra amino acids are metabolized to provide energy
What are Amino acids from the diet used for?
They are first used for making proteins & other nitrogen-containing molecules
How does eating excess protein , thus contributing to weight gain?
When the diet is also in excess of calories, amino acids (from the break down of proteins in the diet) are converted to fatty acids which are then stored as triglycerides
What does the chemical breakdown of essential body proteins do?
Essential body protein amino acids are used to synthesize proteins that are critical for survival
Which amino acids is there an immediate need for?
Hormones & Enzymes
How do symptoms differ between kwashiorkor and kwashiorkor?
In kwashiorkor, some fat stores are retained because energy intake is adequate. In marasmus, individuals appear scrawny because their stores of body fat have been depleted to provide energy.
What has raised the question about whether consuming too much protein can be harmful to the body?
The recent popularity of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss
Why do High-protein diets increase water loss?
+Protein intake +Urea +Fluid needs
What are kidney stones?
Kidney stones are deposits of calcium and other substances in the kidneys and urinary tract.
What is the difference between food allergies and food intolerances?
Food Intolerances are not involved with the immune system
Monosodium Glutamate
MSG is a flavor enhancer made up of the amino acid glutamic acid bound to sodium
What are some other names for Gluten intolerance?
Celiac Disease Celiac Sprue Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy
What does it mean when your body is in nitrogen balance?
Nitrogen intake = Nitrogen losses You are consuming enough protein to replace the nitrogen lost in urine
Why are Protein recommendations expressed in ‘per unit of body weight’?
The more a person weighs, the more protein he or she needs to maintain and repair their body
What is the typical protein intake for the average American?
Typical US adult = 90 g of protein/day
Do the protein intake recommendations differ for children?
Yes, Because children are small, they need less total protein than adults do, but Protein requirements per unit of body weight are greater for infants and children for protein synthesis to occur and for them to grow properly
What must happen for the body to heal and rebuild?
The amount of protein lost must be replaced
If diet is high in protein…
…the diet is prolly high in animal products, which tend to be high in saturated fat and cholesterol
Protein Quality
A measure of how good the protein in a food is at providing the essential amino acids the body needs to synthesize proteins
In digestion, what is different about animal proteins compared to plant proteins?
Animal protein is digested easier & contributes amino acids to meet the body’s requirements
Which food sources are both high-quality plant proteins?
Quinoa and Soy protein
Protein Complementation
Combining proteins that are limited in different amino acids can supply a complete mixture of essential amino acids
Why are vegetarian diets in developing countries adopted?
For economic reasons; Animal sources are limited & need more land and resources to raise so they are more expensive to buy
Which types of people have higher protein needs and requirements?
Children, recovering patients, & pregnant women
Which vitamins and minerals are found almost exclusively in animal products?
Vitamin B12, Iron & Zinc
Amino Acid Pool
Collectively, all the amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are available for use to synthesize proteins and other molecules
Amino Acid
The building blocks of proteins Contains an amino group, an acid group, and a unique side chain
Celiac Disease
A autoimmune disease that causes damage to intestines sensitive to gluten causing diarrhea, abdominal bloating/cramps, weight loss, and anemia
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue that gives strength to tendons and ligaments
EDIT: Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that are essential in the diet only under certain conditions/times of life; Or, Nonessential amino acids that cannot be made by the body in sufficient amounts to meet the body’s needs. aka semiessential amino acids.
Creatine phosphate
A nitrogen-containing molecule used to fuel muscle contraction
Deamination
The removal of the amino group from an amino acid
Denaturation
Alteration of a protein’s three-dimensional structure
Dipeptide
Two amino acids linked by a peptide bond
Edema
Swelling from the buildup of extracellular fluid in the tissues
Essential Amino Acid/Indispensable Amino Acid
An amino acid that must be included in the diet because the body cant make enough of it
Food Allergy
An adverse immune response to a food WITH antibodies
Food Intolerance/Food Sensitivity
An adverse immune response to a food WITHOUT antibodies
Gene Expression
Instructs the cell to make a protein using the information coded in a gene
Gene
A length of DNA stationed in the nucleus of each cell in the body which contains the information needed to synthesize a polypeptide chain; responsible for inherited traits.
Hemoglobin
A protein that gives the proper functioning of red blood cells, and the linear shape of muscle proteins allows them to overlap and shorten muscles during contraction.
High-quality Protein/Complete Dietary Protein
An easily digestible protein that contains all of the amino acids needed for protein synthesis in amounts similar to those found in body proteins. When your diet contains high-quality protein, you don’t have to eat as much total protein to meet your needs.
Histamine
A nitrogen-containing molecule which causes blood vessels to dilate.
Hydrolyzed Protein/Protein Hydrolysate
A mixture of amino acids or amino acids and polypeptides that results when a protein is completely or partially broken down by treatment with acid or enzymes.
Incomplete Dietary Protein
A protein that is deficient in one or more of the amino acids required for protein synthesis in humans.
Kwashiorkor
A disease typically found in children. A form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient. Some fat stores are retained because energy intake is adequate.
Lacto/lacto-ovo diet
A type of vegetarian diet that contain high-quality animal proteins from eggs or milk, which complement the limiting amino acids in the plant proteins.
Legume
The starchy seed of a plant that produces bean pods; includes peas, peanuts, beans, soybeans, and lentils.
Limiting Amino Acid
The essential amino acid that is available in the shortest supply relative to the body’s need.
Marasmus
A form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting. Individuals appear scrawny because their stores of body fat have been depleted to provide energy.
Melanin
A nitrogen-containing molecule which plays a role in creating the pigment of skin.
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
An additive used as a flavor enhancer, commonly used in Chinese food; made up of the amino acid glutamate bound to sodium.
MSG Symptom Complex/Chinese Restaurant Syndrome
A group of symptoms including headache, flushing, tingling, burning sensations, and chest pain reported by some individuals after consuming monosodium glutamate (MSG).
Neurotransmitters
A nitrogen-containing molecule unit that makes up DNA and RNA.
Nitrogen Balance
The amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted over a given period.
Nonessential/Dispensable Amino Acids
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the human body in sufficient amounts to meet needs.
Pepsin
An enzyme activated by hydrochloric acid that breaks some of the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chains, leaving shorter polypeptides.
Peptide Bond
The chemical linkage between the amino group of one amino acid and the acid group of another.
Peptide
Two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A genetic disease in which the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be metabolized normally, causing it to build up in the blood. If untreated, the condition results in brain damage.
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that is part of the structure of a protein.
Polypeptide chains
Polypeptides that are folded into three-dimensional shapes.
Protein Complementation
The process of combining proteins from different sources so that they collectively provide the proportions of amino acids required to meet the body’s needs.
Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM)
A condition characterized by loss of muscle and fat mass and an increased susceptibility to infection that results from the long-term consumption of insufficient amounts of energy and/or protein to meet the body’s needs. Refers to a continuum of conditions ranging from pure protein deficiency to an overall energy deficiency.
Protein Quality
A measure of how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins.
Transamination
The process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound molecule to form the amino acid needed for protein synthesis.
Transcription
The process of copying the information in DNA to a molecule of mRNA.
Translation
The process of translating the mRNA code into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Tripeptide
Three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Urea
A nitrogen-containing waste product from the breakdown of proteins that is excreted in the urine.
Vegan Diet
A plant-based diet that eliminates all animal products.
Vegetarian Diet
A diet that includes plant-based foods and eliminates some or all foods of animal origin.
What is the name for a protein enzyme?
Protease
