5 Flashcards
What food sources are high in fat?
What foods contain fat & carbohydrates?
Has the amount & types of fat Americans consume daily changed since 1970?
jus a lil bit
What switches have americans made?
What have Americans consumed less of?
What foods have Americans consumed more of?
Hidden fats:
Are Small fatty acids water-soluble?
Which 2 of the 3 following lipids appear in smaller amounts in the body?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sterols
Triglyceride
1 glycerol backbone
3 fatty acids attached
What is a Glycerol?
A 3-carbon molecule
“trans fat” or “saturated fat” = _________?
Fatty acids
What are Unsaturated fatty acids defined as?
monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids
What are Fatty acids defined as?
saturated or unsaturated fatty acids
What are Unsaturated triglycerides?
Plant oils that lower heart disease risk
What are Saturated Triglycerides?
Animal products that increase heart disease risk
How many carbons are in a short fatty acid?
4-7 carbons
How many carbons are in a medium fatty acid?
8-12 carbons
How many carbons are in a long fatty acid?
12+ carbons
Which plant oils are saturated?
Which plant oils spoil?
Unsaturated plant oils
What are two resulting products are from hydrogenation?
shortening & hard margarine
Where are unsaturated cis configurations found?
found in nature
Cis
fatty acid
Trans
fatty acid
Saturated
fatty acid
how do the phospholipids in egg yolks act as emulsifiers?
allow the oil and water in cake batter to mix
How do the phospholipids in salad dressings act as emulsifiers?
allow the oil and vinegar in the dressing to mix
What is the phospholipid, Lecithin sometimes referred to as?
lipo-tropics
What does Lecithin do for weight loss?
It breaks up and disperses fats and oils in the body
What are some direct, natural sources of Lecithin?
Eggs
Soybeans (Soy lecithin granules)
Which products does the food industry use lecithin as an emulsifier for?
Are Long-chain fatty acids water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Fat-soluble
Is cholesterol water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Fat-soluble
Are fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble?
Fat-soluble
Are lipids water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Fat-soluble
Lipoprotein
Core: triglycerides & cholesterol
shell: protein, phospholipids, cholesterol
Do Avocados have cholesterol?
How are Phospholipids arranged in the lipid bilayer?
“tails” toward interior
“heads” toward exterior
Fatty Acid
Long molecular chain of Carbon
with an acid group at one end of the chain
Cholesterol regulatory role
Makes steroid hormones
Is cholesterol essential in the diet?
the human body can synthesize it
2 of Cholesterol’s structural roles
Builds Cell membranes and Myelin coating
What is cholesterol found in?
Animal products
What is the path of a chylomicron?
Mucosal cells→Lymph→Blood
Chylomicron Role?
Delivers triglycerides to body cells
What 2 things do fatty acids do once they are diffused inside cells?
- Used for energy
- Reassembled into triglycerides for storage
Fatty acid diffusion type
Hydrophyllic
Water soluble exterior
Hydrophobic
Fat-soluble interior
How is the density of a lipoprotein determined?
Ratio
Protein : Lipid
Lipoprotein:
More protein = More dense
Where are Chylomicrons assembled?
What does the liver have to do with lipids?
The liver can synthesize lipids
Which 2 lipoproteins circulate in the blood, delivering triglycerides to body cells?
Reverse cholesterol transport?
Picks up excess cholesterol
High levels of LDLs increase plaque buildup
High levels of HDLs increases plaque buildup
Saturated fatty acid?
Monounsaturated fatty acid?
Polyunsaturated Omega-3 fatty acid?
Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Do Saturated fatty acids contain any double bonds?
Does a Monounsaturated fatty acid have any double bonds?
just one
Where’s Omega-3’s first double bond?
between 3rd & 4th carbon atom
Where’s Omega-6’s first double bond?
between 6th & 7th carbon atom
Foods highest in omega-3’s alpha-linolenic acid?
What does Linoleic acid synthesize?
What does α-inoleic acid synthesize?
Why are essential fatty acid deficiencies rare in the US?
Typical intake exceeds requirement
Why are Omega fatty acids considered polyunsatured fatty acids?
Additional double bonds follow the first one
Describe the lipid absorption process
(diagram)
What type of molecule are Eicosanoids?
Regulatory molecules
What are the 3 regulatory processes of Eicosanoids?
Helps
What are Eicosanoids synthesized from?
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
Beta-oxidation process?
Breaks fatty acids into two-carbon units producing acetyl-CoA molecules and high energy electrons
Advantage of 9kcal/g?
Large amount of energy for Little amount of weight
Calories are the same thing as …
Energy
When does the Net amount of body fat NOT change?
When Energy
Consumed = Requirements
Where do fatty acids in body fat come from?
Fatty acids in a diet
Why is the ability to store excess triglycerides limitless?
Adipose tissue cells go 50x their weight
New fat cells when existing cells reach max size
Why cant triglycerides be used as a primary source of glucose?
Glycerol released from triglyceride breakdown makes only a small amount of glucose
Inflammation
Process where body responds to injury
How is Atherosclerotic plaque different from Inflammation?
Doesnt heal, plaque forms instead
Inflammation process
White blood cells→injured area→
blood clots form→new tissue grows to heal wound
What causes atherosclerosis?
The exact cause of the development of atherosclerosis is not known
What are the primary risk factors for heart disease?
- *D**iabetes
- *O**besity
- *H**igh blood pressure
- *H**igh blood cholesterol levels
What are the secondary risk factors for heart disease?
- *Lifestyle** factors: Smoking, exercise, diet
- *Natural** factors: Age, gender, genetics
A diet high in fiber & vitamins?
A diet high in sodium and saturated fat?
Which two countries have a lower incidence of heart disease?
Asian and Mediterranean
Is the fat content of the US diet the sole reason for high-rate obesity?
It is likely due to an increase in calorie intake & decrease in energy use
reguardless of whether the extra energy comes from fat, carbohydrate, or protein
When does weight gain occur?
When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
Advantages/Disadvantages of the typical US diet?
(+) Fits recommended 20-35% of calories from fat
(+) Trans fat intake is declining
(-) Cholesterol & saturated fat exceed recommendations
(-) Not enough omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Why has the trans fat intake declined?
Food manufacturers reduced trans fat content of fats/oils used in processing
Smart choices from which two food groups can reduce your intake of unhealthy fats?
Protein group
Dairy group
What are the most concentrated sources of fat in the diet?
Oils, butter, margarine, fatty sauces, and salad dressings used in cooking or added at the table
Bile Acids
Bile that emulsifies fat globules
Cardiovascular disease
Any disease affecting heart and blood vessels
Cholesterol
A sterol, produced by the liver and consumed in the diet
Emulsifier
A substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that can break fat into tiny droplets and suspend them in a watery fluid
Essential fatty acid deficiency
A condition characterized by dry, scaly skin and poor growth that results deficiency of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid
Sterol
A type of lipid with a structure composed of multiple chemical rings
Shelf Life
Products solid at room temperature
Testosterone and Estrogen
Hormones necessary for reproduction
Myelin
The insulating coating on many nerve cells
What are some reduced fat foods that are made simply by removing the fat?
Low-fat/nonfat milk and yogurt
What are some fat-soluble Vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
What does consuming too many empty calories do to your body?
Weight gain & no proper nutrition
What can you do to reduce intake of saturated fat & cholesterol
- *L**imit full-fat dairy
- *L**imit high-fat processed meats
- *T**rim fat from meat
- *R**emove skin from poultry
What is the difference between a triglygeride and a phospholipid?
Instead of a third fatty acid, a phospholipid has a phosphate group in the water-soluble head of the molecule
Low-density lipoproteins are the principal transport vehicle for ______ in the blood.
Cholesterol
The best known phospholipid used by the food industry to prevent oil from separating from other ingredients is
Lecithin
If you eat more saturated fat, what will be stored in your adipose issue?
There will be more saturated fat in your adipose tissue
A high-fat meal contains _____ calories in the same volume as compared to a low-fat meal.
more
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) function in lipid transport by
Picking up cholesterol from dying cells etc to dispose in liver
What is NOT a tropical oil?
Safflower oil
Products of fat digestion surrounded by bile
Micelles
Why are the acceptable ranges of fat intake higher for children?
Children need more fat to allow for growth and development
What oils are good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Soybean oil, Corn oil
Lard, butter, and cream are good sources of…
…saturated fatty acids
TRUE OR FALSE: In our bodies, lipids form structural and regulatory molecules.
TRUE
What is a food low in saturated fat?
Eggs
Which type of lipoprotein contains the greatest amount of protein?
HDL
If there is not enough carbohydrate available in cells, fatty acids will be used to make _____.
Ketones
Chylomicrons are the principal transport vehicle for _________
Triglycerides
Fats liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of
Hydrogenation
_______, when consumed in the diet, can help reduce blood cholesterol levels.
FIber
Lipoproteins are important for
transport of fats in the blood
TRUE OR FALSE: Obesity and high blood pressure increase heart disease risk, but diabetes does not.
FALSE
Which of the following would NOT lessen the amount of fat consumed? Choosing chicken instead of beef COnsuming fewer eggs Eating fruit instead of vegetables Switching to low-fat milk from whole milk
Eating fruit instead of vegetables
Which of the following groups of foods would contribute a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids to the diet? Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil Beef franks, bologna, ham Swiss cheese, cheddar cheese, blue cheese Bacon, eggs, butter
Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil
Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and returns it to the liver? Chylomicron LDL HDL VLDL
HDL
Which of the following molecules is a trans fatty acid? A. A double bond on the same side B. A double bond on both sides C. No double bond
B. A double bond on both sides
TRUE OR FALSE: Excess calories that are consumed as carbohydrate or protein can be used to synthesize fatty acids.
TRUE
High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease
HDL
Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids? A. Omega-3 fatty acids are the only essential fatty acids B. They are metabolized at an extremely high rate as compared to other compounds C. Cholesterol is an example of an essential fatty acid D. The body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the body’s needs
D
Lipids that are consumed in the diet are absorbed into the intestinal cells. From here, all of the following molecules, with the exception of _____, are not soluble in water, and are thus packaged for transport.
Small fatty acids
The remains of chylomicrons:
Travel to the liver to be disassembled
The most common sterol that is manufactured in the body (the liver) and found only in animal-derived foods is
Cholesterol
TRUE OR FALSE: All cis and trans fatty acids are unsaturated
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: VLDLs are made in the liver and transport lipids away from the liver
TRUE
An enzyme that digests lipids is:
Lipase
The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT: Build and repair tissue Cushion and protect vital organs Insulate the body Provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins
Build and repair tissue
If one point of unsaturation occurs in a fatty acid, then it is a
Monounsaturated fatty acid
What is true about the absorption and transportation of fat in the blood? Fats travel in lipoprotein carriers All fats enter the small intestine wall and absorb directly into the bloodstream Chylomicrons contain mainly protein HDL carries cholesterol to the cells
Fats travel in lipoprotein carriers
Lipids containing saturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature
Solid
Based on the type of fat found in the following foods, which would be the healthiest for breakfast from the grains group? Whole grain toast with honey French toast sticks with margarine English muffin with butter Poptart
Whole grain toast with honey
Which of the following fats is lowest in saturated fat? Olive oil Butter Coconut oil Partially hydrogenated soybean oil
Olive oil
Which of the following is not a function of triglycerides? Provides energy Insulates and protects the body Aids in fat-soluble vitamin absorption and transportation Makes antibodies, enzymes, and hormones in the body
Makes antibodies, enzymes, and hormones in the body
After long-chain fatty acids have been absorbed into the intestinal cells, they are re-assembled into:
Triglycerides
All of the following foods contain cholesterol EXCEPT: Hamburger cooked on the grill Avocado Salmon Boiled egg
Avocado
Which of the following is a step to prevent CVD (cardiovascular disease)? Keep saturated fat intake less than 10% of total kcal Consume 10 grams of fiber daily Consume over 200 mg of cholesterol daily Gain weight
Keep saturated fat intake less than 10% of total kcal
TRUE OR FALSE: Hydrogenation makes a saturated fatty acids more unsaturated
FALSE
Some fat is necessary in our diets: to increase the palatability of foods as a carrier of fat soluble vitamins to provide essential fatty acids All choices are accurate
All choices are accurate
Research indicated that the initiation of atherosclerosis may be related to all of the following EXCEPT: excess body fat levels low blood pressure smoking elevated blood levels of glucose
low blood pressure
TRUE OR FALSE: The number and location of the double bonds determine the health effects they have on the body
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Fatty acids can be used to make glucose
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Lipoproteins are particles that transport lipids in the blood
TRUE
Which of the following is a precursor of bile, Vitamin D, and some sex hormones? Phospholipids Triglycerides Cholesterol ALpha-linolenic acid
Cholesterol
The fat content of the US diet is not thought to be the only reason for the incidence of increasing obesity in the US. Which of the following best explains the increase in obesity? Energy intake exceeds energy expended Energy intake is less than energy expended Energy intake equals energy expended None of these are correct
Energy intake exceeds energy expended
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol? LDL Chylomicron HDL VLDL
LDL
TRUE OR FALSE: Diets high in saturated fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease.
TRUE
BIle is:
Produced by the liver Stored in the gallbladder released into the small intestine
TRUE OR FALSE: Chylomicrons and high density lipoproteins transport triglycerides and deliver them to body cells.
FALSE
Which of the following types of oil is the best source of healthy, unsaturated fats? Stick margarine Canola Oil Butter Lard
Canola Oil
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol? LDL Chylomicron HDL VLDL
LDL
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol? LDL Chylomicron HDL VLDL
LDL
TRUE OR FALSE: Diets high in saturated fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease.
TRUE
BIle is:
Produced by the liver Stored in the gallbladder released into the small intestine
BIle is:
Produced by the liver Stored in the gallbladder released into the small intestine
TRUE OR FALSE: Chylomicrons and high density lipoproteins transport triglycerides and deliver them to body cells.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Chylomicrons and high density lipoproteins transport triglycerides and deliver them to body cells.
FALSE
Which of the following types of oil is the best source of healthy, unsaturated fats? Stick margarine Canola Oil Butter Lard
Canola Oil
Which of the following types of oil is the best source of healthy, unsaturated fats? Stick margarine Canola Oil Butter Lard
Canola Oil
Acetylcholine
Activates muscles and plays an important role in memory
Adipose tissue
Tissue found under the skin and around body organs that is composed of fat-storing cells
Alpha-linolenic acid (α-linolenic acid)
An 18-carbon omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid known to be essential in humans
Antioxidant
A substance that decreases the adverse effects of reactive molecules on normal physiological function
Arachidonic acid
A 20-carbon omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that can be synthesized from linoleic acid
Atherosclerosis
A type of cardiovascular disease where cholesterol is deposited in the artery walls, causing it to buildup and reduces the wall’s elasticity, eventually blocking the flow of blood.
Atherosclerotic plaque
Cholesterol-rich material that is deposited in the arteries of individuals with atherosclerosis. It consists of cholesterol, smooth muscle cells, fibrous tissue, and eventually calcium
Chylomicron
A lipoprotein that transports lipids from the mucosal cells of the small intestine and delivers triglycerides to other body cells
Cortisol
A hormone that regulates our physiological response to stress
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
A 22-carbon omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish that may be needed in the diet of newborns. It can be synthesized from α-linolenic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
A 20-carbon–omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish that can be synthesized from α-linolenic acid but may be essential in humans under some conditions
Essential fatty acid
A fatty acid that must be consumed in the diet because it cannot be made by the body or cannot be made in sufficient quantities to meet the body’s needs
Foam cell
A cholesterol-filled white blood cell
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
A lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from cells and transports it to the liver so that it can be eliminated from the body
Hydrogenation
A process where hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon–carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids (bent), making them more saturated (straight)
Inflammation
A protective response to injury or destruction of tissues; signs of acute inflammation include pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function
LDL receptor
A protein on the surface of cells that binds to LDL particles and allows their contents to be taken up for use by the cell
Lecithin
A phosphoglyceride composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a molecule of choline; often used as an emulsifier in foods. Commonly used in baking and cooking as an emulsifier. It is used in the body to break up and disperse fats and oils
Linoleic acid
An omega-6 essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and 2 carbon-carbon double bonds
Lipid bilayer
Two layers of phosphoglyceride molecules oriented so that the fat-soluble fatty acid tails are sandwiched between the water-soluble phosphate-containing heads
• Lipids
A class of nutrients that is commonly called fats. Chemically, they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and most of them do not dissolve in water. They include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins
• Lipoprotein lipase
An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol; attached to the outside of the cells that line the blood vessels
• Lipoprotein
A water-soluble envelope of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol that covers long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins. It transports these “lipids” in the blood
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to cells
• Macrophage
A type of white blood that ingests foreign material as part of the immune response to foreign invaders such as infectious microorganisms
• Micelle
A particle that is formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion (fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol) are surrounded by bile. It facilitates the absorption of lipids
• Monoglyceride
A glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached
• Omega-3 fatty acid
A fatty acid containing a carbon–carbon double bond between the third and fourth carbons from the omega end; includes a-linolenic acid found in vegetable oils and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid found in fish oils
• Omega-6 fatty acid
A fatty acid containing a carbon–carbon double bond between the sixth and seventh carbons from the omega end; includes linoleic and arachidonic acid
• Oxidized LDL cholesterol
A substance formed when the cholesterol in LDL particles is oxidized by reactive oxygen molecules. It is key in the development of atherosclerosis because it is taken up by scavenger receptors on white blood cells
• Phosphate group
A chemical group consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms
• Phospholipid
A type of lipid whose structure includes a phosphorus atom
• Plant sterol
A compound found in plant cell membranes that resembles cholesterol in structure. It can lower blood cholesterol by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acid containing 2+ carbon–carbon double bonds
• Rancidity
Occurs when the unsaturated bonds in fatty acids are damaged by oxygen. When fats go rancid, they give food an “off” flavor
• Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible; it therefore contains no carbon–carbon double bonds
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Assembled by liver
carries lipids from liver
delivers triglycerides to body cells
High blood Cholesterol
Increase heart disease risk
