4 Flashcards
What foods have Lactose sugar?
milk
ice cream
other dairy products
What makes up about half the sugar in honey?
Fructose
Refined grain product that includes just endosperm
white bread
What are some underlying conditions related to fasting hypoglycemia?
Excess alcohol consumption
Hormonal deficiencies
Tumors
What is the treatment for Fasting Hypoglycemia?
Identifying and treating the underlying disease
What are some of the FDA-approved Nonnutritive/Artificial sweeteners?
Sack-car-in, Ass-purt-tame, A-see-sul-fame-K
Which substance has been added to enriched grains since 1998?
Folic acid
What foods are Cellulose found in?
Wheat bran & Broccoli
What layers are included in a kernal of whole grain?
Bran
The outermost bran layer contains most of the fiber and are a good source of B vitamins, vitamin E and trace minerals
Endosperm
Largest part of kernel
Made up of starch, protein, and small amounts of vitamins & minerals, compared to the bran
Germ
Embryo located at the base of the kernel where spouting occurs
It is a source of oil and is rich in vitamin E
What substances do fruits and milk naturally contain?
Vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and calories from the sugar
Which carbohydrates are less sweet-tasting:
Complex or simple ?
Complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
What enzyme breaks down the Lactose disaccharide?
Lactase enzyme
Where does Lactase break down Lactose?
Small intestine
Which two dairy products contain less lactose than milk?
Cheese & Yogurt
Which foods are high in Resistant Starch?
Legumes
Unripe bananas
Cold cooked potatoes
Cold cooked rice
Cold cooked pasta
Which 2 Monosaccharides contain a cell’s genetic information?
Ribose & Deoxyribose
Glyco-lysis
glyco = “glucose”
lysis = “to break down”
What are two examples of a body protein’s job?
- Speed up a chemical reaction
- Contract a muscle
Is protein stored in the body?
No
How and when are ketones formed?
When insulin levels are low resulting in lack of glucose inside the cells
When eating a meal of chicken, brown rice, and green beans when do the blood glucose levels begin to rise?
After 30-60 minutes
What do Disaccharides & Polysaccharides have to turn into before absorption?
Monosaccharides
What is an undigested carbohydrate that still has an impact on the GI tract and overall health?
Fiber
What is an essential fuel for brain cells and red blood cells?
Glucose
Can Fatty acids be used to make glucose?
No because it produces two-carbon molecules instead of the required three
Fatty acids make ketones
How does Carbohydrate spare protein?
Carbohydrate takes the job of synthesizing glucose and saves protein from using unnecessary energy
What happens when carbohydrate doesnt do its job in synthesizing glucose?
Protein goes out of his way to do it for Carbohydrate
If Carbohydrate isnt available to fully access stored energy from fatty acids, what else takes charge?
Ketones
During starvation or consuming a low-carb diet, mild ketosis can occur and cause which 4 symptoms?
- Reduced appetite
- Headaches
- Dry mouth
- Odd-smelling breath
When diabetes is left untreated, severe ketosis can develop and cause what results?
Coma or even death
Why are people with Diabetes so thirsty all the damn time?
Kidneys need more water to excreet additional glucose in the blood
What is the goal in treating diabetes?
Maintain blood glucose levels in normal range
Why is weight management: an important component of diabetes?
Excess body fat increases insulin resistance
What type of substance is insulin?
A protein hormone
What does a diet is high in refined carbs do?
Increases insulin needs
Insulin-producing cells made by the pancreas <strong>wear out</strong> over time
What occurs with Reactive hypoglycemia?
Rapid changes in blood glucose
How can teeth be exposed to carbohydrates for a prolonged amount of time?
- *F**requent snacking
- *F**oods that stick to teeth
- *S**ucking hard candy
- *S**lowly sipping soda
What does Insulin promote?
Fat storage
What are some food sources of insoluble fiber and cellulose?
Wheat & rye bran, broccoli, celery
What are some foods that contain soluble fiber?
legumes, oats, flaxseed, brown rice
What are bile acids made from?
Bile acids are made from Cholesterol
What is the singular of Diverticula?
Diverticulum
What do fiber and indigestable carbs do to the feces?
They add bulk & absorb water, making larger and softer feces
What are the effects of a high-fiber meal?
The bulk of a fiber-rich meal dillutes the contents. This dilution slows the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, giving a sense of fullness
Why does glucose rise more slowly after a high-fiber meal rather than after a low-fiber meal?
Fiber delays the amount of glucose getting absorbed by the small intestine
What does additional carbohydrate provide?
An important source of energy
Why is there UL set for carb, fiber, or added sugar intake?
Because no specific toxicity is associated with high intake of any type of carbohydrate
Where do the majority of added sugars come from in the US?
Sugar-sweetened beverages
Reduce intake of Soda, energy drinks, sports drinks, sugar fruit drinks
How many calories & fiber does an apple provide?
Apple: ~80 Calories & 3.7g Fiber
1 cup: ~80 Calories & almost no fiber
What causes blood glucose levels to rise?
The energy from glucose
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Levels that should not be exceeded when using nonnutritive/artificial sweeteners
What are some unrefined sources of carbohydrate?
Why do foods high in added refined sugars contribute empty calories?
Refined sugars no longer contain the fiber, vitamins, minerals found in the original plant
3 Disaccharides
3 Monosaccharides
What are classified as Simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
What are classified as Complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
3 Polysaccharides
Which molecule makes up Polysaccharides?
Steps involved in starch digestion?
Salivary amylase→Shorter poly’s<br></br> Pancreatic amylase→Di’s & Oligo’s<br></br> Microvilli→Mono’s<br></br> Microflora: Indigestible→Fatty acids & Gas<br></br> Excretion in feces→
Is there any starch digestion in the stomach?
No, salivary amylase gets inactivated in stomach due to the acidic environment, so starch digestion gets put on hold until it reaches the small intestine
Even though disaccharides dont need much digestion, why cant they be absorbed in the mouth or stomach?
Because the enzymes that break downdisaccharides for absorption are only present on the surface of the intestinal microvilli
What does pancreatic amylase break down starch into?
Disaccarides and oligosaccharides
What 3 areas does the digestion of the complex carbohydrate, starch involve?
Amylases produced by the salivary glands and the pancreas
Brush border enzymes in the small intestine
What happens to the liquid environment once starch molecules reach the small intestine?
Bicarbonate ions neutralizes gastric juice, allowing enzymes to continue starch digestion
When does lactose in the colon cause gas and diarrhea?
When there’s not have enough lactase enzymes to break down lactose
What does lactose do once it reaches the large intestine?
Lactose draws in water and is metabolized by microflora, producing gas and cramping including diarrhea
Why do refined sugars and starches cause a greater glycemic response than unrefined carbs?
Sugars and starches consumed alone leave the stomach quickly and are rapidly digested and absorbed
What should one be aware of when switching to artificial sweeteners?
Artificial sweeteners just replace refined sugars
The switch does not help you lose weight
Aerobic Metabolism
Metabolism in the presence of oxygen. It can completely break down glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP
Anaerobic Metabolism
Metabolism in the absence of oxygen
Autoimmune Disease
A disease that results from immune reactions that destroy normal body cells
Cellulose
A fiber made up of straight chains of glucose molecules
Diabetes Mellitus (aka Diabetes)
Disease of elevated blood glucose due to either insufficient production of insulin or wearing out of cells responding to insulin
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate made up of two sugar units
Diverticula
Outpouches that form at weak points due to pressure exerted when the colon contracts
Diverticulitis
Fecal matter can accumulate in diverticula, causing irritation, pain, and inflammation in the colon
Diverticulosis
A condition in which outpouches form in the wall of the colon
Enrichment
A type of fortification that adds back some, but not all, of the nutrients lost in processing.
The addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to refined grains.
Fasting Hypoglycemia
Occurs when an individual has not eaten
Fiber
A type of complex carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes
Fortification
The addition of nutrients to foods
Gestational Diabetes
An elevation of blood sugar that is first recognized during pregnancy
Glucagon
Pancreas hormone for when blood glucose levels are low, signals liver cells to break down glycogen to glucose for release into the blood
Glucose
A monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate used to provide energy in the body and circulates in the blood
Glycemic Index
The glycemic index is the measure of how much, how quickly, and how long blood glucose increases after a food is consumed
Glycemic Load
Compares the effect that typical portions of food has on blood glucose
Glycemic Response
Measures how quickly and how high blood glucose levels rise after carbohydrate consumption
Glycogen
Storage form of carbohydrate in animals
Found in the liver and muscles
Not consumed in the diet
Glycolysis
An anaerobic metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
1 glucose = 2 ATP molecules
Hemorrhoids
The swelling of veins in the rectal or anal area
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low blood glucose levels
Insoluble Fiber
Fiber that does not dissolve in water and cannot be broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.
Cellulose, some hemicelluloses, lignin
Insulin
Pancreas hormone that allows glucose to enter cells and stimulates the synthesis of protein, fat, and liver & muscle glycogen
Insulin Resistance
Amount of insulin secreted is reduced resulting in cells losing their sensitivity to insulin
Ketoacidosis
A condition in which ketone levels can get high enough to increase the acidity in the blood that can lead to a coma and death
Ketone or Ketone Body
An acidic molecule thats formed when there’s no carbohydrate to break down acetyl-CoA
Ketosis
High levels of ketones in the blood
Oligosaccharide
A carbohydrate made up of 3-10 sugar units
Photosynthesis
Converts carbon dioxide & water to glucose
Prediabetes
A condition in which glucose levels are above normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
Reactive Hypoglycemia
Occurs in response to the consumption of high-carbohydrate foods
Resistant Starch
Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine
Soluble Fiber
Fiber that dissolves in water or absorbs water and can be broken down by intestinal microflora.
Pectin’s, gums, some hemicelluloses
Starch
The storage form of carbohydrate in plants
It provides energy for plant growth and reproduction
Sugar Unit
Smallest molecule of sugar
Type 1 Diabetes
The form of diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency
Type 2 Diabetes
The form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency
Unrefined Food
Foods eaten either just as they are found in nature or with only minimal processing (cooking)
Whole-grain Product
Includes entire kernel of the grain: Germ, Bran, & Endosperm
How is blood glucose measured?
Milligrams per deciliter of blood
What is the normal blood glucose level before eating range from?
70-100 mg / 100 ml (1 dL)
when is hunger stimulated?
When blood glucose drops
What is Ketoacidosis caused from?
Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
