6 Flashcards
Doctor prescribed 5 mg of Drug X but pharmacist dispensed 3 mg instead. What type
of error is this?
Dispensing error
How can this error be prevented?
Double checking
A doctor prescribes 3300 mg of MgSO4 to a patient with epilepsy, which results in
the baby being admitted to NICU. What type of error is this?
Prescription error
An elderly patient with diabetes has a HbA1c level of 12% and is on 4 anti-diabetic
medications, one of which is insulin. Patient refuses to take insulin due to fear of
weight gain. What is the most appropriate intervention?
Add Liraglutide for weight
loss if patient is overweight. if patient is not overweight re-assure patient that insulin
is needed due to high A1c and give advice to control weight.
A woman with cancer refuses to receive chemotherapy or surgery. What is the best
course of action?
Explain to her the benefits and risk of not receiving treatment so
she can make an informed decision.
What does the abbreviation OU stand for?
Apply to each eye (both eyes)
What is the anti-dote of organophosphosphate poisoning?
Atropine and Pralidoxime
What is the anti-dote in acetaminophen overdose?
N-Acetylcysteine
What is the anti-dote of benzodiazepines?
Flumazenil
How many natural amino acids in the human body?
20 natural amino acids
A patient with damaged pancreas consumes a high carb meal. The digestion of which
type of carbohydrates will be most affected?
Starch (amylase produced by pancreas
catalyzed digestion of starch into maltose and glucose)
What are the components of fungal cell wall?
Chitin + Glucans + Glycoproteins
Which of these is contains an inhaled cortisone?
Pulmicort, Symbicort
What is a reliable source of clinical studies?
Pubmed
What is the most appropriate anti-convulsant for a pregnant woman?
Lamotrigine
Woman taking levothyroxine has become pregnant. What is the most appropriate
course of action?
Inform prescriber to increase dose
A doctor has increased the dose of a patient’s anti-convulsant. What is the treatment
target?
Zero seizures
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Tonsils, Spleen, and Lymph nodes
Which surface protein is expressed by T helper (Th) cells?
CD4
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is hemolytic anemia?
Type 2 hypersensitivity
What Immunoglobulin is involved in allergic asthma?
Immunoglobulin E
Which immunoglobulin is able to pass through placenta?
Immunoglobulin G
Which bacteria causes Plague disease?
Yersinia pestis
Which gram-positive bacteria causes respiratory disease?
Streptococcus pneumonia
What is the definition of flocculation?
Adherence of particles in a dispersion form to
create larger-sized particles.
What is the definition of fluctuation (pharmacokinetic)?
Differences (fluctuations) in
peak-trough levels within one dosing interval at steady state (expressed as %).
Identify which drug has higher efficacy and potency from a dose-response curve.
What is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA that is distinct from a cell’s
chromosomal DNA known as?
Plasmid
A pharmacist is comparing the clinical outcome of two drugs with different costs.
Which type of pharmacoeconomic analysis is this?
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Definition of SNP.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (change in only one nucleotide).
Which anticancer drugs target the mitosis stage?
Vina Alkaloids and Taxanes
In which genetic mutation is Imatinib used?
Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL)
Which drug targets dihydrofolate reductase?
Methotrexate
Three questions on identifying types of studies (e.g., retrospective cohort study,
clinical trial, case-controlled study, cross-sectional study).
Which anti-diabetic class does sitagliptin belong to?
DDP-4
What is the maximum statin dose for patient taking verapamil?
10 mg (source:
RxPrep)
A patient who is Hajj visitor is prescribed Diazepam as needed for insomnia, what is
the maximum dose?
15 mg
Drug/supplement that cause heart burn?
Potassium supplements
What requires monitoring in patient receiving spironolactone?
Potassium levels
Which drug has a metallic taste?
Captopril
Which drug causes sulfa allergy? Dapsone
What is myrrh used for?
Cough
What question should be asked to patient on warfarin?
Do you have gum bleeding?
Patient comes to pharmacy with pinpoint pupils, what is the likely cause?
Heroin
Overdose
What are the ‘5 rights’?
right dose, right patient, right drug, right time, right route
What vaccines are required for patient with Asthma/COPD?
Influenza vaccine and
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
Can a baby receiving antiviral drug take live vaccine?
No, need to wait 48hrs after
stopping antiviral to receive vaccine.
A company made a profit of 120,000, the operating expenses were 5,000, and Zakah
was 8,000, what is the free cash flow?
107,000 (free cash flow = profit – [operating
expenses + tax/zakah + other expenses])
What enhances the activity of insulin?
Chromium
A patient with gastric bypass, which vitamin deficiency will he have?
B12 deficiency
Patient with hypothyroidism, which deficiency is he likely to have?
Iodine deficiency
Which Vitamin D is used in infants?
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
What is the first-line treatment for patient with osteoarthritis where non-
pharmacological measures were ineffective.
Topical NSAID (gel or patch).
Which drug is an IV direct thrombin inhibitor?
Argatroban/Bivalirudin
A female with hypothyroidism has developed osteoporosis, what is the appropriate
treatment?
Alendronate (High doses of levothyroxine can cause bone resorption)
A patient has received an organ transplant took herbal treatment which caused
organ failure, what is the likely herbal?
St John’s wort
A 60 yo patient presents with meningitis, what is the appropriate treatment?
Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin + Ampicillin
A neonate patient presents with meningitis, what is the appropriate treatment?
Ampicillin + Gentamicin
Which drug causes thyroid toxicity?
Amiodarone
What is the treatment of thyroid toxicity?
Methimazole (withdraw amiodarone if
possible).
Which drug causes pulmonary embolism?
Amiodarone
What is the purpose of granulation in drug formulation?
Produces larger particles
(granules) from fine powder – granules are free-flowing and dust-free making them
easier to compress.
What does mid arm circumference measure?
Measures arm muscle. Used as
indicator of nutritional status in children.
- How to check for respiratory infection?
Auscultation
What is the definition of miscibility?
Mixing of substances to form a homogenous
solution without precipitates.
Calculate Vd.
Calculate Absolute bioavailability.
Calculate Phenytoin Correction.
Calculate Creatinine Clearance.
What type of beta-blocker is propranolol?
Non-selective beta-1 and beta-2 inhibitor
What are the health complications of polycythemia (high RBC conc.)?
high blood
pressure (other: gout, headache, blood clots).
Patient vomits two hours after taking levonorgestrel, what is the appropriate course
of action?
If more than two hours, no action. If within two hours, requires repeat
dose or alternative emergency contraception (e.g., IUD).
What is the benefit of conjugate estrogen compared to non-conjugate estrogen?
Prolongs half-life (acts as inactive estradiol reservoir that is slowly converted to
active estrogen).
Patient with multiple sclerosis experiences multiple relapses, what is the appropriate
treatment? Natalizumab
Patient going into surgery, which medicines should be discontinued?
Depends on
answer choices usually anti-coagulants, anti-platelets, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors,
diuretics, and MAO inhibitors.
Infant with nasal bleed, what is the likely deficiency?
Vitamin K
What is the best base for dry skin?
Ointment (used for very dry, chapped/cracked
skin).
Patient still suffering from UTI even after adherence to antibacterial treatment,
what is the best course of action?
Change to another antibiotic
Patient is non-adherent and after questioning appears to be unable to pay for
medication due to insurance running out, what is the cause of non-adherence and
what is the best course of action?
Cause: Economic. Solution: talk to patient about
benefits and risks
Patient with Hospital-acquired pneumonia experiences bronchospasm?
Use
bronchodilator (SABA) + Corticosteroid.
Scientists are conducting clinical trials assessing the use of anti-psychotics in
depression, what is the likely concerns?
Risk of extra-pyramidal symptoms and
metabolic problems.
What is the mode of action of mannitol?
Increase osmotic pressure (osmotic diuretic
used to reduce intracranial pressure)
Mannitol Structure:
structure at page 4
Which chemical structure can cause penicillin allergy?
Beta-lactam ring
Which of these ACE inhibitors structures are active?
Captopril and Lisinopril
How is amphotericin B metabolized?
Hydrolysis
What type of breakdown occurs due to presence of water?
Hydrolysis
What type of reaction causes the conversion of amine (NH3) to a carbonyl (C=O) in a
catecholamine molecule?
Oxidative deamination (catalyzed by MAO enzyme)
structure at page 4
What is the least dominant form of histamine?
When both amine groups are
protonated.
structure at page 4
What’s the property of Carboxylic group (COOH)?
Acidic
What’s the property of Amine group (NH3)?
Basic
What’s the property of Alkyl group (CH3)?
Neutral
A patient is taking an anti-hypertensive drug, but it is still not controlled, what is the
best course of action?
(Not enough information - answer depends on age, race, and
co-morbidities).
A patient with altered kidney function is taking gentamicin and ampicillin, what is
required?
Both antibiotics require renal dose adjustments
A patient is taking the maximum statin dose and cholesterol levels are still not on
target, what is the appropriate intervention?
Add Ezetimibe
A grandmother brings her grandson who is presenting with signs of poisoning, who
should you get more information from?
Parent/Caregiver
A patient on insulin refuses to take insulin due to fear of weight gain, what is the
best course of action?
Try to explain to patient the benefits of treatment to change
their belief.
A patient is experiencing digoxin toxicity, what treatment should patient receive?
Digoxin Immune Fab (DigiFab) – each 40 mg vial binds 0.5 mg digoxin (max. 20 vials).
What is the advantage of transdermal delivery systems?
Deliver drug at a controlled
rate.
What is the function of the excipient Aspartame?
Artificial Sweetener
Can a patient who is taking Acyclovir receive the Varicella vaccination?
No,
varicella is live vaccine thus must wait 2 days after d/c acyclovir
