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Question 1

What was Birmingham’s socioeconomic profile like?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 1

Bore many characteristics of industrial decline and urban decay with high levels of multiple deprivation.

Question 2

What had decades of industrial activity done to Birmingham?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 2

Left land sites, canals and river with high levels of pollution.

Air pollution was at very high levels (SO2).

Question 3

What did global shift cause in Birmingham?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 3

Decline of manufacturing and heavy industry (including car industry).

Question 4

What is global shift?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 4

The loss of jobs.

Question 5

Between 1970-1983 what fell from being the highest in the UK to almost the lowest of any region?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 5

Earnings.

Question 6

What percentage were unemployed in Birmingham, in 1982?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 6

19.4%.

Question 7

As people were losing jobs in Birmingham during the 1980s, what did many do?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 7

High numbers of people claiming benefits.

Question 8

What was housing like in Birmingham, during the major job losses?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 8

Many people live in densely populated housing estates and poor quality tower blocks (Safety hazards/ graffiti/ rundown/ unkempt).

Question 9

Outline 3 general socioeconomic factors about Birmingham during the job losses of the 1980s.

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 9

Large number of young dependents.

Higher than UK average birth rate.

Lower life expectancy than UK average.

Question 10

In Birmingham, during the 1980s, what was the perception of the area like?

(When and why did Birmingham need rebranding?)

Answer 10

Negative perceptions of dirty, run down city.

Question 11

How do you assess the success of rebranding?

Answer 11

Using the 3 categories, (most strategies fall into at least 1).

Economic.

Social.

Environmental.

Question 12

Outline ‘economic’ as a category to assess the success of rebranding.

Answer 12

To improve wealth, employment and income.

Question 13

Outline ‘social’ as a category to assess the success of rebranding.

Answer 13

To improve the quality of life of residents.

Question 14

Outline ‘environmental’ as a category to assess the success of rebranding.

Answer 14

To improve the physical characteristics of the place.

Question 15

What are the 7 core objectives of urban design?

Answer 15

Clearly defined public and private areas.

Attractive and well-managed spaces.

A place that is easy to get to and move through.

A place with a clear image that people can recognise.

A place that can adapt in the future.

A place with variety and choice in the economic and social activities taking place.

A place with its own identity - blending tradition with innovation.

Question 16

Give examples of how the core objective of urban design - ‘clearly defined public and private areas.’ - can be seen in Birmingham.

Answer 16

Redevelopment of New Street Station.

Good frequent bus service cycle paths.

New roads: A38 is positive, but it has congestion.

Question 17

Give examples of how the core objective of urban design - ‘attractive and well-managed spaces.’ - can be seen in Birmingham.

Answer 17

Gas Street Basin.

Mailbox.

Brindley Place.

Parks/ open spaces.

Question 18

Give examples of how the core objective of urban design - ‘a place that is easy to get to and move through.’ - can be seen in Birmingham.

Answer 18

Gas Street Basin.

Mailbox.

Brindley Place.

Parks/ open spaces.

Question 19

Give examples of how the core objective of urban design - ‘a place with a clear image that people can recognise.’ - can be seen in Birmingham.

Answer 19

Bull Ring.

Selfridges.

Canal Redevelopment.

New Street Station.

Question 20

Give examples of how the core objective of urban design - ‘a place with variety and choice in the economic and social activities taking place.’ - can be seen in Birmingham.

Answer 20

Sports events.

NEC.

ICC.

Symphony Hall.

Royal Ballet.

Question 21

Give examples of how the core objective of urban design - ‘a place with its own identity - blending tradition with innovation.’ - can be seen in Birmingham.

Answer 21

Tradition: Canals, architecture of Victoria Square.

Modern: Selfridges, New Street Station.

Question 22

Name 4 data collection methods for assessing the successes of rebranding.

Answer 22

Quantitative analysis.

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) and local authorities.

Assessments of the quality of the physical environment in regenerated areas, and comparisons.

Qualitative data (non-numerical data).

Question 23

How can ‘quantitative analysis’ be used to assess the successes of rebranding?

Answer 23

Quantitative analysis uses data that can be expressed numerically. It can be statistically analysed and represented visually in graphs, maps or charts.

Question 24

How can ‘The Office for National Statistics (ONS) and local authorities’ be used to assess the successes of rebranding?

Answer 24

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) and local authorities publish data e.g changes in types of employment and unemployment figures, comparing crime statistics, comparing extent of multiple deprivation from year to another.

Question 25

How can ‘assessments of the quality of the physical environment in regenerated areas, and comparisons’ be used to assess the successes of rebranding?

Answer 25

Assessments of the quality of the physical environment in regenerated areas can be compared with neighbouring areas that haven’t been rebranded.

Question 26

How can ‘qualitative data’ be used to assess the successes of rebranding?

Answer 26

Qualitative data (non-numerical data) such as interviews, photographs and film can also be used.

Question 27

Name 4 research methods for assessing the success of rebranding.

Answer 27

Changes in design of buildings and pubic spaces.

Demographic change.

Crime statistics.

Changing perceptions - residents and/ or visitors.

Change in catchment areas e.g. for retailing/ leisure/ employment.

Retail change - numbers and type of shops.

Changes in occupations of residents.

Map evidence - before and after, e.g. OS Goad.

Photographs - before and after.

Question 28

In 2022, how many crimes were committed per 1000 people in Birmingham City Centre?

Answer 28

145 crimes per 1000 people.

Question 29

In 2022, how many incidences of theft were recorded in Birmingham City Centre?

Answer 29

108 crimes of theft reported.

Question 30

How much more likely is shoplifting in Birmingham City Centre - compared to the whole of Birmingham.

Answer 30

76% more likely.

Question 31

By how much was there a retail boom by in Birmingham?

Answer 31

£2.1 billion in retail sectors.

Question 32

How much space does Savills occupy in Birmingham?

Answer 32

Savills (UK) has transacted 969,779 sq ft of space.

Question 33

How many projects in Birmingham are changing, and how many are being refurbished?

Answer 33

Majority of projects changing: 44%.

Majority of projects being refurbished: 34%.

Question 34

By how much has Birmingham’s population increased by?

Answer 34

Increased population by 6.7%.

Question 35

What was the population of Birmingham in 2011? …2021?

Answer 35

2011 = 1,073,000 people.

2021 = 1,144,900 people.

Question 36

What percentage of Birmingham residents are white?

Answer 36

57.9%

Question 37

What percentage of Birmingham residents are black/ black British.

Answer 37

9%.

Question 38

By how much is Birmingham’s population estimated to increased by, from 2022?

Answer 38

0.82%.

Question 39

Give 1 example as to how rebranding in Birmingham has been socially successful?

Answer 39

Much improved range of shopping, dining, arts, and music, and sporting facilities and events, which has attracted tourists and an upper-class demographic to the area.

It is the most rapidly improving city in the country in which to live and work, according to a report, as Britain’s second city benefits from failing unemployment and a wave of regeneration projects.

Birmingham regularly won polls of Britain’s ugliest city, but the Birmingham Perception Survey 2016 showed that the city had the greatest improvement in perceptions of all major UK cities, with a growth of 23% in the last 12 months.

Question 40

Give 2 examples as to how rebranding in Birmingham has been economically successful?

Answer 40

Despite initial high costs of project such as The Mailbox, it encourages spending and therefore more tax collection.

Unemployment rate fell to 7.4% in 2017 from 11.4% in 2013. That still remains above the national average which stood at 4.3% in August.

Birmingham is becoming Britain’s business hotspot, having become a budding centre for financial services, new technology and architectural showpieces.

The city is being strengthened by the arrival of big banks, professional services firms and the planned HS2 rail link to London.

Deutsche Bank opened a Birmingham office in 2007 and now employs 1,200 people, including corporate bankers and wealth managers.

HSBC has moved 1,200 jobs to the city from London.

Birmingham hotels report 2016 was their most successful year ever, as both domestic and international tourists increased (the proportion of international visitors has grown from 6% to 12%).

Question 41

Give 2 examples as to how rebranding in Birmingham has been environmentally successful?

Answer 41

The aesthetics have been much improved. Reduction in air pollution and water pollution. Canals in Birmingham have been clean up.

The Mailbox is a brownfield site, limiting building materials needed.

The towpaths have been upgraded to encourage people to walk and cycle along the canals in the city.

To reduce pollution, traffic has been managed by creating a park and ride scheme, encouraging the use of buses and the Birmingham Metro tramline.

Question 42

Give 2 examples as to how rebranding in Birmingham has been socially successful?

Answer 42

Many locals have not benefited from the new shopping/ dining cultural facilities - too expensive.

Reduction in housing affordability, falling owner occupation rates, rising average commuter times, and minor declines in both the health and work-life balance.

Living conditions for many have worsened. There is not enough good quality and affordable housing for people in the city. The new apartments built are not suitable for the needs of many existing local residents. Too expensive and not large enough. Just 56% of local residents own their own property compared to 64% in England. 12% of properties are overcrowded according to ONS this is an increase from 3.6% in 2001.

According to the 2010 indices of multiple deprivation, Birmingham is the most deprived local authority in England in terms of income and employment. Overall, Birmingham is the 9th most deprived local authority in England when factors such as crime, health, and education are included.

Question 43

Give 1 example as to how rebranding in Birmingham has been economically successful?

Answer 43

Rate of unemployment has increased from 9.5% to 11% between 2001-2011. This is nearly double England average of 6.3%.

Many of the higher skilled jobs generated have gone to commuters from the surrounding area.

Question 44

Give 1 example as to how rebranding in Birmingham has been environmentally successful?

Answer 44

Still high levels of traffic and air pollution exist.

Then ‘clean up’ has not stretched far outside the rebranded city centre zones so many residential areas are still of poor quality.