1.a Flashcards

1
Q

How successful was the offshore wind farm in Liverpool Bay? What does Toxteth hope may happen?

A

The offshore wind farm in Liverpool Bay had issues regarding recruitment and lack of necessary technical/ job specific skills. Toxteth hopes for inward flows of investment (multiplier effect) but it’ll take substantial local and regional efforts to bring about socio-economic change to Toxteth itself.

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2
Q

How did Toxteth benefit from funding and investment?

A

EU funding via structural investment funds regarding Liverpool’s profile. E.g. the city’s low carbon sector has been expanding with employment created in offshore wind technology. The offshore wind farm in Liverpool Bay is the largest in Europe.

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3
Q

Describe the effect that shifting ideas played on for both Toxteth and Lympstone.

A

Toxteth: Attempted improvements; such as Merseyside Development Corporation, continued development in offshore wind farms (expanding employment in wind technology). Lympstone: Knowledge economy and the service sector. For example; meteorological office moved from Reading to Exeter in 2003; strong economic stimulus to the region; tertiary employment is growing in places like the university, major hospital, regional headquarters of many firms and organisations.

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4
Q

What impact did containerisation have on Toxteth?

A

In 1981, there were riots due to poverty. This poverty was caused by a lack of employment; as people were not needed for the trade industry that they were originally a part of.

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5
Q

What is containerisation?

A

Containerisation is the process by which moving things off and on ships became more efficient and easier.

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6
Q

Toxteth no longer has the advantages that its resources initially gave because of what process? Why was this bad for locals?

A

Containerisation (moving things off and on ships became more efficient and easier). This meant that Toxteth’s originally small-scale industry could now be done on a larger scale. Consequently, unemployment was common.

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7
Q

What industries dominated Toxteth?

A

Urban and industrial activities e.g. docks, forges, copper works, ceramics factories and ship-building yards. All of these resulted in TRADE dominating.

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8
Q

What were the natural resources that help shape the place profiles of Toxteth and Lympstone?

A

Toxteth: Water, flour and sugar. Water allowed power from the dammed stream, flour and sugar were milled and refined for trade. Lympstone: Geology (beaches) encouraged tourism.

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9
Q

What is a key aspect of a places ability to benefit from ideas?

A

A key aspect of a places ability to benefit from ideas is the educational achievements of its inhabitants. Where achievements are high, people find openings in the knowledge economy and vice versa.

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10
Q

How might a place participating fully in the knowledge economy be seen? What about those who don’t?

A

Places that can participate fully in the knowledge economy develop a distinctive place profile which suggests a thriving, lively place. Places that find it hard to take advantage of the knowledge economy can have profiles suggesting stagnation or decline.

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11
Q

What does ‘knowledge economy’ describe?

A

The term knowledge economy is used to describe wealth creating activities that gather, store and analyse knowledge e.g. finance, telecommunications, business services, education and health.

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12
Q

What is the service sector based on?

A

The service sector is based on ideas.

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13
Q

What plays a major role in place profile? Why?

A

Ideas help to shape a place profile. Place profiles are influenced by people so ideas can play a major role.

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14
Q

How can a TNC influence change in a place? Give an example.

A

Change can be brought about when a TNC either invests in a country or leaves it e.g. Shell in Nigeria are a grass rooted company that heavily supports the area.

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15
Q

What is the role of TNCs when it comes to money and investment? Give an example.

A

TNC’s operate internationally and move investment around e.g. Dyson moving away from the UK, causing unemployment for many employees.

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16
Q

What are the 4 scales that governments operate at?

A

Governments operate at a local, regional, national, and transnational scale.

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17
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A TNC is a transnational corporation.

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18
Q

In countries at all levels of development governments are an important source of investment in a place. What are 3 characteristics that they may spend money on in order to influence place profile?

A

In countries at all levels of development governments are an important source of investment in a place. Government spending on characteristics of places such as infrastructure, education, health and environment can greatly influence place profiles.

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19
Q

Name an example of how a resource established an area.

A

Birmingham was built around coal and industrial industries, but it is now a very diverse city.

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20
Q

Although a place may lose a resource, it can again gain a resource. What may happen if this occurs?

A

If a place gains a new resource then an upward spiral of development can occur.

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21
Q

What may happen if a place no longer has the advantages its resources once gave?

A

When a place no longer has the advantages a resource once gave, its profile can be characterised by decline (socio-economic, cultural, political or environmental).

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22
Q

What is a very strong resource that can influence place profile? Why?

A

Technology is a resource which strongly influences a places profile. The rise in electronic communication has given huge significance to quality of connectivity via the internet and mobile phones.

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23
Q

If a place is dependent on a resource, but the resource runs out - how can this be observed?

A

If the resource runs out, the place undergoes change. Evidence of its previous profile often persist e.g. the buildings.

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24
Q

Places possess different natural resources, what does this help? The local availability of mineral resources can lead to what?

A

Places possess different natural resources, which help to shape its place profile. The local availability of mineral resources, can lead to the establishment of a community focused on mining that mineral e.g. coal mining.

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25
Q

What 2 features were implemented into the Toxteth area? What year? What has this done?

A

Toxteth: In 1980, Merseyside Development Corporation regenerated the docks. Liverpool Science Park also opened in 2003 - and this contributed to the growing knowledge economy.

26
Q

What happened to the Meteorological office? (Lympstone). What did this allow?

A

Lympstone: Meteorological office has moved from Reading to Exeter. This has meant that those within the knowledge economy have also moved; in turn, increasing tertiary employment.

27
Q

Many smaller settlements are within commuting range of a major city, which has bought considerable changes to these places, what will this impact?

A

Many smaller settlements are within commuting range of a major city, which has bought considerable changes to these places. This will impact both the city and the smaller community.

28
Q

Why is it beneficial that there has been an increase in people’s personal mobility in ACs?

A

In AC’s there has been an increase in people’s personal mobility. Increased car ownership and improvements in transport means people can live further away and commute to work.

29
Q

What is a factor that can influence where people live (and place profiles)?

A

Stage in lifecycle (age and family status) influences where people live and so influences place profiles.

30
Q

What is a factor that change the demography of a place?

A

Migration is a factor that can change the demography of a place.

31
Q

Why was there more middle-class residents within Toxteth? (19th Century).

A

There was an exodus of middle-class residents. As their disposable income increased and urban transport improved e.g. trams.

32
Q

What happened to Toxteth in the 19th Century?

A

In the 19th century, the demands for space from industry and housing brought further change to Toxteth. Areas behind the large villas had been used for cheap, poorly constructed housing; much of it being back to back on court dwellings. Epidemics such as cholera frequently erupted in the unhygienic surroundings. Terraced housing spread over the area, families employed in docks and industries.

33
Q

Why did Toxteth commuters journey to the city centre on a daily basis?

A

Commuters journeyed daily to the city centre for work in the service sector, as well as managerial jobs in manufacturing.

34
Q

Describe the residential increase in Toxteth after the Industrial Revolution?

A

Residential development also grew. Part of Toxteth was given over in an ambitious housing a scheme with wide streets lined with large and substantial villas. It was an attractive greenfield site for property developers who built for the growing middle class - escape the congestion of the North.

35
Q

After the Industrial Revolution, what occurred in Toxteth?

A

After the Industrial Revolution the river bank then became lined with docks, shipbuilding yards and associated industries such as rope walks. Specialised in handling timber, largely wood that came from Scandinavia.

36
Q

Describe the emergence of the Toxteth area during the Industrial Revolution.

A

As the Industrial Revolution was taking place, Liverpool began to emerge as a major port with many associated industries. In 1772, Toxteth took on urban/ industrial nature with forges, copper works and later a ceramics factory. Flour milling and brewing also grew to serve the rapidly growing population.

37
Q

What happened to Toxteth during the 17 Century?

A

During the 17th century, small-scale industry was a growing characteristic, making use of water power from the dammed stream.

38
Q

What happened to Toxteth towards the end of the 16th Century?

A

Towards the end of the 16th century, the area’s status changed and it began to be opened up for farming.

39
Q

What happened to Toxteth in the early 13th Century? How long did this change last?

A

In the early 13th century, King John took control of the area where it became part of a large royal hunting forest. It remained a fenced of forest for ~300 years.

40
Q

What knight gained Toxteth after the Norman Conquest?

A

After the Norman Conquest, Toxteth was given to a knight named Roger of Pictou.

41
Q

What were the origins of Toxteth? What was the area like?

A

Saxons originally established a settlement in Toxteth, and the Domesday survey in 1086 recorded that it was one of a handful of coastal villages along the banks of the Mersey.

42
Q

What is a dormitory settlement?

A

A place from which many people travel in order to work in a bigger town or city.

43
Q

What did Lympstone become in the 20th Century?

A

In the 20th century, Lympstone became a dormitory settlement for Exeter. However, it has retained a strong sense of community - and this continues through to present day.

44
Q

What innovation arrived in Lympstone in 1861? What did this allow?

A

In 1861, the arrival of the train improved Lympstone’s connectivity both regionally and nationally. Time-Space compression allowed the shellfish industry to access a wider market. Locals could travel to Exeter.

45
Q

What began in Lympstone in the 1850s?

A

In the 1850s, Lympstone began to change with the expansion of the built-environment to accommodate visitors; it remained a small village.

46
Q

What occurred in Lympstone during the 1840s?

A

In the 1840s, tourism began and Lympstone attracted a large number of wealthy families from Exeter and East Devon who enjoyed the seaside novelty.

47
Q

Just after the 19th Century, what was the river estuary used for in Lympstone?

A

The estuary was now used for fishing in the shellfish and mussel industry. Boats also went out to catch cod and hunt whales.

48
Q

What did Lympstone do in the 19th Century?

A

19th Century, consistently made associations with the sea as shipbuilding thrived. Eventually, the scale of ships increased and this was industry was reduced.

49
Q

What happened to Lympstone in the 13th Century?

A

13th Century, Lympstone was one of a number of ports under the administration of Exeter - with coastal trading links.

50
Q

During the Norman Conquest, what 2 French families connected with Lympstone? (11th Century).

A

Connections with the area increased during the Norman Conquest - French families such as de Traceys and the de Courtlands.

51
Q

Who originally established Lympstone? Why?

A

Saxon’s originally established Lympstone, having been forced out of their original region.

52
Q

At the heart of places are people, as they live, work and play; space is changed into….

A

At the heart of places are people, as they live, work and play; space is changed into a place that conveys identity and meaning.

53
Q

What is a place?

A

Places can have a objective meaning such as map coordinates. Places can also be given a subjective meaning by people e.g. A favourite place for a holiday.

54
Q

Are space and place different?

A

Yes, space is different to a place.

55
Q

What is a space?

A

Space does not have a subjective meaning and simply exists between places which do hold meaning.

56
Q

What things does the place characteristic ‘built-environment’ cover?

A

Built-environment includes: Age and style of buildings, building materials, density of housing.

57
Q

What things does the place characteristic ‘political’ cover?

A

Political covers: Local, Regional and National Governments, local groups such as resident accommodations.

58
Q

What things does the place characteristic ‘cultural’ cover?

A

Cultural includes: Religion, local tradition, local clubs and societies.

59
Q

What things does the place characteristic ‘socio-economic’ cover?

A

Socio-economic includes: Employment, income, family status, education.

60
Q

What things does the place characteristic ‘demography’ cover?

A

Demography includes: Inhabitants ages, gender, ethnicity and population.

61
Q

What things does the place characteristic ‘natural geography’ cover?

A

Natural geography includes: altitude, slope-angle, aspect, drainage, geology.

62
Q

What are the 6 place characteristics?

A

The 6 place characteristics are: natural geography, demography, socio-economic, cultural, political, and built environment.