3.a

Question 1

Give an example of how income and employment is relative.

Answer 1

An example of how income and employment is relative could include: London (much higher wages), but take home is less than e.g. Salisbury - as rent is much higher in London.

Question 2

Why is the informal sector deemed non-advantageous?

Answer 2

The informal sector is deemed non-advantageous as people earn less. This means that there wages are used only for essentials - and not the process of moving out of the slum they live in.

Question 3

Why is the informal sector key within LIDCs and EDCs?

Answer 3

The informal sector is key within LIDCs and EDCs as employment is easy and money can be directly taken home.

Question 4

What 4 factors (other than medical care) influences health?

Answer 4

Other than medical care all of these factors influence health: Diet. Exercise. Access to clean water. Lifestyle.

Question 5

What does the UK postcode health lottery refer to?

Answer 5

UK postcode health lottery: Refers to differences in health care between different geographic areas. The level of medical provision through the NHS, and how it varies.

Question 6

What are 3 ways that healthcare can be measured by observed and tested?

Answer 6

Ways that healthcare can be measured by observed and tested: Type of housing present. Air quality. Social behaviours.

Question 7

What are 3 factors that are influencing poverty and ill health?

Answer 7

Factors influencing poverty and ill health: Access to clean water. Effective sanitation. Quality and quantity of diet.

Question 8

What are 3 factors that can affect access to healthcare by social inequality?

Answer 8

Access to healthcare can be affected by social inequality, mainly through poverty and ill health. For example, where you live rural or urban? Private or public health care available. Car access.

Question 9

Why may India have the worst female secondary school attendance rates?

Answer 9

India may have the worst female secondary school attendance rates because: They are potentially married off. They potentially may stay at home to help with house chores.

Question 10

What is informal education?

Answer 10

Informal education is education gained from doing something in the house or workplace.

Question 11

What is formal education?

Answer 11

Formal education is education provided by schools, colleges, apprenticeships and universities.

Question 12

What are slums? (squatter settlements)

Answer 12

Slums are areas where people have no legal right to the land they occupy.

Question 13

How may people with lower incomes be able to be owner occupiers?

Answer 13

People with lower incomes be able to be owner occupiers with: The ability to take out a mortgage, and subsidies.

Question 14

What are the 4 main ways to get a house in the UK?

Answer 14

There are 4 main ways you can get a house in the UK, these are: Mortgages. Renting. Charities and housing associations. Housing tenure.

Question 15

What is housing tenure?

Answer 15

Housing tenure is when owner-occupiers own their house outright.

Question 16

Name 3 countries with a low gini co-efficient. (Close to 0).

Answer 16

3 countries with a low gini co-efficient could include. France. Germany. Egypt.

Question 17

Name 3 countries with a high gini co-efficient. (Close to 1).

Answer 17

3 countries with a high gini co-efficient could include. South Africa. Brazil. Mexico.

Question 18

What does a gini co-efficient close to 0 indicate?

Answer 18

A gini co-efficient close to 0 indicates that income is spread evenly across a population.

Question 19

What does a gini co-efficient measure?

Answer 19

A gini co-efficient is used to measure the level of income inequality within a country.

Question 20

How many people in the UK live in relative poverty? How many are children?

Answer 20

13 million people in the UK live in relative poverty, 3.5 million of those being children.

Question 21

What is relative poverty? Give an example.

Answer 21

The level of poverty compared to the whole population e.g. in UK relative poverty level is 60% of median household value.

Question 22

What amount of money is required to be deemed absolute poverty?

Answer 22

Less than $1.25 a day PPP, is absolute poverty.

Question 23

What does PPP stand for? (in e.g. £1.25 a day PPP) What is it used to show?

Answer 23

PPP stands for purchasing power parity, and is used to show the cost of buying goods and how they vary from one country to another.

Question 24

What is absolute poverty?

Answer 24

Absolute poverty is achieved when you cannot afford to purchase a minimum amount of food and essentials e.g. clothing and shelter.

Question 25

What are the 5 factors used to measure social inequality?

Answer 25

The factors are: Income. Housing. Education. Healthcare. Employment.

Question 26

What does LSOA stand for?

Answer 26

LSOA stands for lower layer super output layer.

Question 27

How are the 7 factors used in the ‘index of multiple deprivation’?

Answer 27

The seven factors are combined to give an overall measure.

Question 28

What are the 7 factors within the ‘index of multiple deprivation’?

Answer 28

Income. Employment. Health. Education. Crime. Access to housing and services. Living environment e.g. air quality.

Question 29

Describe the multiple cycle of deprivation.

Answer 29

Poverty -> poor living conditions -> ill-health -> poor education -> poor skills -> poverty…

Question 30

What is deprivation?

Answer 30

Deprivation is the general lack of resources and opportunities.

Question 31

What is poverty?

Answer 31

Poverty occurs when someone does not having enough money to support a decent standard of living.

Question 32

When does deprivation occur?

Answer 32

Deprivation occurs when social inequalities lead to great differences between groups of people.

Question 33

Higher incomes tend to offer people greater choice in housing, education and diet. But….

Answer 33

Higher incomes tend to offer people greater choice in housing, education and diet. But a rise in income may not always lead to an improved quality of life.

Question 34

What are the 2 most important factors in determining standard of living and quality of life?

Answer 34

Income and wealth are significant factors in determining both standard of living and quality of life.

Question 35

Name 3 economic indicators of quality of life/ standard of living.

Answer 35

3 economic indicators of quality of life/ standard of living could include. Access to leisure services, open spaces etc. Access to employment. Level of income.

Question 36

Name 3 physical indicators of quality of life/ standard of living.

Answer 36

3 physical indicators of quality of life/ standard of living could include. Quality of housing. Graffiti. Level of pollution.

Question 37

Name a political indicator of quality of life/ standard of living.

Answer 37

A political indicator could include the opportunities to participate in community life, and influence decisions.

Question 38

Name 3 social indicators of quality of life/ standard of living.

Answer 38

3 social indicators of quality of life/ standard of living could include. Fear of crime. % on state benefits. Standards of education.

Question 39

What is standard of living?

Answer 39

Standard of living is the ability to access services and goods. This includes basics such as food and water, clothes, housing and personal mobility.

Question 40

What is quality of life?

Answer 40

Quality of life is the extent to which people’s needs and desires (social, psychological and physical) are met.

Question 41

What is spatial inequality?

Answer 41

Spatial inequality refers to social differences that vary from place to place.

Question 42

What is social inequality?

Answer 42

Social inequality is the unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population.