5.a

Question 1

What is placemaking?

Answer 1

Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces.

Question 2

What does placemaking do/aimed to do?

Answer 2

Placemaking capitalises on a local community’s assets, inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces that promote people’s health, happiness, and well-being.

Question 3

Is placemaking purely for economic gain possible? Why/ why not?

Answer 3

It has people at the heart -> social focus. It is about how the environment and society would benefit. Therefore, placemaking purely for economic gain is not possible.

Question 4

Who creates places?

Answer 4

Global international systems.

Question 5

60-80% of all data now includes a what?

Answer 5

60-80% of all data now includes a locational component.

Question 6

The explosion of the use of GIS means what for Governments?

Answer 6

The explosion and use of GIS means that more governments are now using geography as part of their work. Governments at all scales are becoming more aware of the need to consider placemaking as part of their operations.

Question 7

If you were a government in charge of placemaking, what would you prioritise?

Answer 7

Increasing social cohesion.

Designing building’s ad public places.

Attracting FDI.

Reflecting the history and culture of the place.

Reducing crime rates.

Improving environmental quality.

Reduce speed in place.

Creating a 24hr city.

Promoting community centre use.

Question 8

Why could it be argued that increasing social cohesion is the most important factor when it comes to priority in placemaking?

Answer 8

Places are made by the people who live there.

If groups of people experience friction, the places may socially decline.

Question 9

Why could it be argued that increasing social cohesion isn’t as important as some other factors, when it comes to priority in placemaking?

Answer 9

Some people are able to make social connections without the use of a community centre.

Potentially not a necessity.

Question 10

What is FDI?

Answer 10

The inward investment by a foreign company (usually a large TNC) in a country.

Question 11

What does FDI stand for?

Answer 11

Foreign Direct Investment.

Question 12

Why do governments want to attract FDI when placemaking?

Answer 12

Create new jobs.

Creating a competitive, dynamic, and globally connected places.

To advance the economic development of a place.

Increasing a country’s export capacity.

Question 13

How do governments attract FDI?

Answer 13

Offer attractive rates of corporation tax.

Creation of special economic zones -> trade laws different from rest of country.

Open tax relief and subsidies.

Attraction of relatively low labour unit costs.

Question 14

How have governments of countries/ places used placemaking to attract FDI? Give an example.

(Governments can use placemaking to reinvent a place)

Answer 14

Governments can use placemaking to reinvent a place.

E.g. Dubai has reinvented itself from a small fishing village to a hub city with many global brands locating there.

Dubai is now a regional hub in several areas and it ranks as the second most targeted city by international retailers.

Question 15

Why has retail been one of the fastest-growing industries and one of the leading drivers of economic growth in the UAE in recent years?

Answer 15

“The rising population and urbanisation, expatriate wealth, strong household consumption and modern retail concepts as well as a thriving tourism sector continue to provide ideal conditions for growth”.

Question 16

Why is it important for a placemaking to consider the accommodation of workers?

Answer 16

Creating places that are uniquely attractive to talented workers so that they want to be there and live there, and by so doing, they create the circumstances for substantial job creation and income growth by attracting businesses that are looking for concentrations of talented workers.

Question 17

How have governments of countries/ places used placemaking to attract FDI? Give an example.

(Governments can use placemaking to create infrastructure)

Answer 17

Governments can use placemaking to create infrastructure.

E.g. in Cambridge the creation of a specific ‘Science Park’ as a zone that has attracted many high tech companies, including Astra Zenica which was originally founded in Sweden.

Question 18

What are the 3 ways that a government can used placemaking to attract FDI?

Answer 18

Governments can use placemaking to reinvent a place.

Governments can use placemaking to create infrastructure.

Governments can use placemaking to encourage specific policies.

Question 19

How have governments of countries/ places used placemaking to attract FDI? Give an example.

(Governments can use placemaking to encourage specific policies)

Answer 19

Governments can use placemaking to encourage specific policies.

E.g. Birmingham now offers direct flights to India and China and this has supported foreign direct investment growth which increased by more than 50% against a national increase of just 11% in 2013. This has created an additional 4,000 local jobs and is worth an estimated £174 million to the local economy - per year.

Question 20

FDI started to rapidly increase in 1980. Why do you think this is?

Answer 20

Concept of shrinking world; better communication, rise of internet.

Improved accessibility e.g. faster, larger aeroplanes.

Question 21

Where are the most FDI flows of capital from and where are their investments?

Answer 21

Most are from HQs in ACs e.g. Barclays, Nestle, Sony.

Over 60% of their investments in ACs.

Question 22

Who (which country) is set to be one of the world’s biggest investors by 2020?

Answer 22

China.

2015, US$100 billion of FDI was invested by Chinese companies.

Question 23

What did the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment state in 2009?

Answer 23

“An effective planning system and good spatial plan are essential to achieving high-quality places and good design”.

Question 24

What do the UK’s local authorities planning departments do in their area? Why is this important for placemaking?

Answer 24

They develop a Local Plan for their own local area which includes elements of place and industrial and housing developments, transport, and amenities such as parks.

This strategy is important in placemaking as it sets the framework for new building or uses of land.

Question 25

What is designed by architects in planning departments in UK local authority areas?

Answer 25

Individual buildings and public spaces are designed by architects.

Question 26

Why is design important when making places?

Answer 26

Architecture can make an important contribution to placemaking, through the design of individual buildings.

It can reflect the history and culture of the place.

Design can also influence how our lives are lived:

Can please people and works well to be valued and cared for.

Some places can lead to crime, vandalism, high maintenance costs, poor health, a feeling of isolation for those living in them.

Question 27

In the period between 1950 and 1980 what did the UK face? What else was happening in major urban areas?

Answer 27

In the period between 1950 and 1980 the UK faced a huge problem of a growing population but too few houses.

Also, in major urban areas, much of the inner city housing stock was either destroyed or badly damaged due to aerial bombing during the war.

Question 28

In the period between 1950 and 1980 the UK faced a huge problem of a growing population but too few houses; in major urban areas, much of the inner city housing stock was either destroyed or badly damaged due to aerial bombing during the war.

What effect did this have on designing and planning?

Answer 28

Resulted in architects designing cheap, system-built housing.

Much of the new build comprised of tower blocks of flats.

These often have a negative image.

Question 29

What is a 24-hour city?

Answer 29

Cities that never sleep.

24 hour cities can be found all around the world including EDCs and LIDCs.

Large urban places can be transformed into different places depending on the time of day.

Question 30

What is the case study for a 24-hour city?

Answer 30

London UK.

Question 31

Has London always been a 24-hour city?

Answer 31

London has long lagged behind 24-hour metropolises such as New York and Berlin.

But it is now catching up.

Question 32

What 3 main factors are causing London to become a 24-hour city?

Answer 32

Population Change.

Tourism.

Shift Work.

Question 33

How has population change caused London to become a 24-hour city?

Answer 33

London’s population has been rising since the mid-1980s. In particular, in the central areas where large numbers of young professional people have taken residence.

Between 2001 and 2011 London’s population grew by 14% overall and by 16% in the inner city.

Question 34

How has tourism caused London to become a 24-hour city?

Answer 34

In 2013 London attracted 44% more tourists than a decade earlier and the proportion of foreign residents, including those from countries with a tradition of late-night merrymaking, such as Spain, has grown.

Question 35

How has shift work caused London to become a 24-hour city?

Answer 35

There is an increasing number of people working shifts.

Transport for London reckons half of all night-bus passengers are commuting to or from work.

Question 36

Name 3 factors that have caused London to become a 24-hour city.

Answer 36

Night bus routes doubled between 1999-2013 and passenger numbers tripled.

From September 2015 five underground lines have been operating 24 hours during the weekend.

In 2006, 6 McDonald’s opened overnight; by 2015 the number was 40.

Gyms and hairdressers remain open through the night.

In the city, London’s financial heart, 250 financial premises remain open after midnight - just a few years ago, there was none.

Art exhibitions and theatres open into the early hours when particularly popular events are being held.

Question 37

What are the 6 types of community group?

Answer 37

Formal community groups.

Individual pressure groups.

Informal groups.

Local businesses/ private companies.

Heritage associations.

Environmental organisations.

Question 38

Give an example of a formal community group.

Answer 38

Local resident associations.

Question 39

Give an example of an individual pressure group.

Answer 39

Schools.

Churches.

Councils.

‘Friends of’ groups’.

Question 40

Give an example of an informal community group.

Answer 40

Neighbourhood watch.

Question 41

Give an example of an environmental organisation community group.

Answer 41

Friends of the Earth.

Question 42

Why is it important for places, that people feel safe and settled in their communities?

Answer 42

If people feel safer and settled in their communities, they have a more positive perception of their place.

Question 43

Why are groups important in increasing social cohesion?

Answer 43

Groups can hold community events that bring people who inhabit the area together and reduce tensions.

Question 44

How are community groups beneficial to the local economy?

Answer 44

They can hold fundraising events and purchase things the local community needs.

Question 45

How are community groups influential for residents?

Answer 45

Community organisations influence the making of new places from the point of view of local residents.

Question 46

What is the case study for the role of different community groups in the placemaking process?

Answer 46

Residents’ associations.

Question 47

What was the time existence of the Residents’ Associations?

(Community groups in the placemaking process case study).

Answer 47

End of the 19th Century.

Expanded rapidly in the 1920s - 1930s.

Question 48

What were the roles/ focuses/ areas of concerns of the Residents’ Associations?

(Community groups in the placemaking process case study).

Answer 48

Generation of a community in new housing developments.

Housing, community, and environmental matters.

Question 49

What is the named example for the Residents’ Association case study?

(Community groups in the placemaking process case study).

Answer 49

Archers Gate Amesbury.

Question 50

Outline Archers Gate Amesbury as an example for the Residents’ Association case study.

(Community groups in the placemaking process case study).

Answer 50

The development includes 1,600 new homes, local retail facilities, public house, community building, junior school, playing fields, sports pavilion, public open space, and a new link road running alongside Boscombe Down Airfield.

A community organisation has been established which influences the making of this new place from the point of view of local residents.

Question 51

At a local scale, why are Residents’ Associations important?

Answer 51

Traffic speeds through neighbourhood.

On-road parking.

Footpath maintenance.

Grass cutting of public spaces and the use of a community groups.

Question 52

What features do the most active associations in the Residents’ Associations community groups have?

Answer 52

Places that can be clearly identified as having a distinctive character, e.g. a former village which is now part of a larger urban settlement.

Question 53

What community groups are you aware of in Salisbury or your local area?

Answer 53

(Heritage): Salisbury Cathedral.

(Arts): Salisbury Playhouse/ Stage Coach/ Stage 65/ Star Cast.

(Sports): Salisbury FC/ Salisbury RC/ Salisbury Athletics Club/ Salisbury Sparks/ Salisbury Spires.

Question 54

How does Salisbury Cathedral and other heritage sites influence the local place of Salisbury?

Answer 54

Worship.

Refectory.

Tours.

Question 55

How does Salisbury Playhouse and other art sites influence the local place of Salisbury?

Answer 55

Sense of place.

Individuality.
Productions, economic value -> socioeconomic.

Question 56

How does Salisbury FC and other sport groups influence the local place of Salisbury?

Answer 56

Sense of community.

Possibility to be nationally renowned or recognised in sporting areas.

Potential to host charity events at sports grounds e.g. Family Fun Fair at Salisbury RC

Question 57

How is social media being used in digital placemaking?

Answer 57

More integrated in the lives of more and more people.

Able to encourage public participation, such as collaborating processes in local neighbourhoods.

Question 58

Once concept used to help individuals participate in placemaking is ‘The Power of 10’. What is this?

Answer 58

The concept that places thrive when those would use them have several reasons, 10+, to be out and about in that place.

Social media allows people to share their individual reasons and an overall pattern can be readily built up.

Question 59

How is ‘the power of 10’ being used?

Answer 59

It is being used to bring multiple ideas together.

Mapped and a design for a place adapted which serves the need of the community.

Question 60

How has ‘the power of 10’ been used in Baltimore (USA)?

Answer 60

A plan aimed at creating a network of open spaces through the city’s central area was generated.

This used not only professional expertise such as engineers, planners, and landscape architects, but also employed an online crowdsourcing application which allowed local people to identify open spaces in their city that mattered most to them.

An overall picture thereby emerged which guided the final plan.