4.a Flashcards
1
Q
What is a player?
A
An individual or organisation with an interest and or influence in actions, decisions or operations of an organisation. Also known as a stakeholder.
2
Q
What is economic change?
A
A complex process that affects places at a variety of scales, from local through to an entire country. At any scale, change is brought about by the interaction of a considerable number of players (stakeholders).
3
Q
What are 3 examples of public players?
A
The EU, the UK Government, Salisbury City Council.
4
Q
What are 4 examples of private players?
A
TNCs, self-employed people, NGOs, and local communities.
5
Q
How is the EU a public player?
A
The EU: A trans-national government which can influence economic change for example via grants for infrastructure development.
6
Q
How is the UK Government a public player?
A
The national government has departments and agencies responsible for strategic planning such as education and training. Major transport links and environmental management.
7
Q
How is Salisbury City Council a public player?
A
Salisbury City Council. Has similar responsibilities to the national government and carries out the planning and implementation at the local scale.
8
Q
Give 3 examples of TNCs.
A
McDonalds, Shell, Nike.
9
Q
Give an example of an NGO.
A
The National Trust
10
Q
How is a local community a private player?
A
Concerned about their immediate area. Interested in economic change, such as employment and also social an environmental issues e.g. construction of new housing estates.
11
Q
What is the primary aim for private players?
A
Private players include a very wide range of different people and organisations. Businesses range from TNCs to those who are self-employed and across all sectors in the economy. The primary aim of private players is to generate money to make a profit on their investment.
12
Q
What do public players, such as the UK Government, do?
A
The government tries to stimulate economic growth, sustain existing employment and create new jobs and improve the environment.
13
Q
For a named example (the construction of a bypass around Salisbury), name 2 ways in which public players may be involved.
A
EU: funding as part of a regional aid package. National government: responsible for strategic transport planning.
14
Q
For a named example (the construction of a bypass around Salisbury), name 2 ways in which private players may be involved.
A
Retailer’s in town. People living along route of the new road.
15
Q
When were steam engines introduced to Birmingham? What players did this?
A
Steam engines were introduced to Birmingham in 1775 by Boulton and Watt.
16
Q
Name 3 early inventions within Birmingham.
A
Cotton machines, electro-plating facilities, and the pneumatic tyre.
17
Q
When was the original (first) medical x-ray introduced to Birmingham?
A
1896.
18
Q
Who was the main player in 12th century Birmingham? What role did they play? What economic activity did they use?
A
Players: De Birmingham Family. Role: lots of small scale markets. Economic activity: trade.
19
Q
How many streets were in medieval Birmingham? What main feature did they have?
A
1/2 a dozen streets. Parish and market towns.
20
Q
What primary type of work took place in medieval Birmingham? What was the area nicknamed? Who supplied the raw materials?
A
Metal working and smelting -> black county/ black country e.g. places like Dudley and Wolverhampton (supplied raw materials).
21
Q
In medieval Birmingham, what was the main source of power? What was this predominantly used for?
A
Power of water e.g. mills -> non-agricultural products such as sword blades.
22
Q
What happened in 16th century Birmingham?
A
English Historian William Camden. Stated that he saw streets that were swarming with people. He heard sounds of anvils. He heard power from the watermills.
23
Q
In the 18th century (start of Industrial revolution), what was the population? What key player was involved? What role did he play?
A
Population of 15,000 people.
Economic change spearheaded by Matthew Boulton (a key player who moved the industrial base of the town forward by establishing the first factory in 1761. This triggered the industrialisation.
Boulton’s ‘Soho Manufactory’ brought 700 employees
1700: Cadbury Family - positively impacted the lives of their workers (e.g. better housing).
24
Q
What industry grew in 19th century Birmingham?
A
Growth of industry: gun, jewellery, button, and brass industries.
25
What happened in 19th century Birmingham regarding its importance of transport infrastructure?
Importance of transport infrastructure: Birmingham at heart of national canal network and the midland terminus of the London to Birmingham Railway (1838).
26
What new industries arrived in Birmingham between the 1900s and 1950s.
Dunlop tyre company. Austin car plant.
27
Briefly outline Dunlop Tyre Company (emerged in Birmingham 1900-1950).
Dunlop tyre company -> large factory -> employed 10,000 by 1950s.
28
Briefly outline Austin Car Plant (emerged in Birmingham 1900-1950).
Austin car plant -> Longbridge (1906) -> vehicle industry.
29
What was the percentage split of economic growth in 1900-1950s Birmingham?
Economic growth: 50% metals, misc 19.4%, commerce 12%.
30
What was population growth like in 1900-1950s Birmingham?
Population growth: continuous, sustained, immigration from rural areas and other parts of the British Isles e.g. Ireland.
31
What was the housing like in 1900-1950s Birmingham?
Housing: small, as they were built for workers.
32
What transport innovations were introduced in 1900-1950s Birmingham?
Transport innovations: trams, suburban railways. Buses and cars followed on later.
33
In Birmingham, what were unemployment rates like before 1970? What about after?
Below 1%, and after it was 19.4%
34
In Birmingham, what were the types of jobs like before 1970? What about after?
Before = metal goods: 28.4%, law/health/education: 22.4%. After = metal goods: 5.8%, law/health/education: 31.1%.
35
In Birmingham, what was the environmental quality like before 1970? What about after?
Before it was bad, but it is getting increasingly better.
36
Why did economic change occur in Birmingham?
Occurred through the interaction of several players. Birmingham caught in the global recession of the 1970s. Oil crisis of 1973 was the most significant.
37
Which key players were involved in the economic change? (The role of Geopolitics)
Fragile Middle East:
Resulted in another Arab-Israeli war.
This meant that Arab States weaponised oil supplies, causing them to dramatically increase.
Most western countries supported Israel.
This caused catastrophic shock to the global system, as planning and policy had assumed that energy would be cheap for the foreseeable future.
38
Which key players were involved in the economic change? (The role of TNCs)
Birmingham's traditional industries were already beginning to suffer from increasing overseas TNC competition, based in countries with lower production costs.
This occur most significantly in the vehicle manufacturing industry.
This was part of the global shift in economic structure to which the oil crisis gave added impetus.
39
What happened to car ownership in Birmingham from 1970-2010?
It increased.
40
Why did the car manufacturing industry decline in the 1970s?
Foreign-based TNCs, and in particular Japanese car manufacturers began to make significant in-roads into the British car market -> their products were seen as more reliable and better value for money -> gained wider acceptance from e.g. Renault, VW.
41
With reference to car industries in Birmingham, what happened to small industrial premises? Why?
As a result of the local authority's desire to bring about comprehensive redevelopment as part of a slum clearance programme, many small industrial premises were demolished. SMEs had difficulty in finding suitable premises. Those built by the local authority often charged rents that were unaffordable to start-up businesses.
42
What impact did immigration have on Birmingham's urban landscape?
Became a cosmopolitan city -> reflected in religious landscapes. E.g. mosques and temples.
43
What impact did immigration have on Birmingham's culture and urban landscape?
Ethnic clothing, fabric shops, financial services. Banks based in home countries -> diverse functions.
44
How does Birmingham's population compare to England's? What may explain this?
City has a relatively youthful population compared with England as a whole. 38% are 24 years-old or younger. Whereas the equivalent figure for England is 31%. Birmingham's elderly account for 13%. England's is over 16%. This could be explained by the fact that the city has lots of employment opportunities.
Young people move to cities in order to start a life and a potential family.
45
How many houses were destroyed in Birmingham, in WW2?
5000 homes destroyed, many damaged.
46
What was housing like in Birmingham's post war years?
110,000 sub-standard houses. Local government had resisted large-scale redevelopment based on flats.
47
What was housing like in Birmingham 1950-1960?
Scale of housing needed was such that 400 tower blocks were built.
48
What was housing like in Birmingham 1945-1970?
Over 81,000 new dwellings were constructed. Not all were high-rise and the accommodation was significantly better than the old slums.
49
What were consequences of housing redevelopment in Birmingham?
The redistribution of people -> central zone cleared of residential land-use and people relocated to peripheral estates e.g. Castle Vale to the Northeast. As the economy became more service orientated flows of commuters increased from outer areas into the centre where the majority of services were located.
50
What is a green belt?
A green belt is an area of open land around a city, on which building is restricted.
51
Why was a green belt established in Birmingham?
National and local governments established the green belt around the city to restrict outward expansion.
52
What were the impacts that the green belt in Birmingham made?
The value of the land adjacent to the belt increased. Principal road routes formed. Rail routes to the centre formed e.g. Solihull and Knowle.
53
Suggest how the economic changes of the Industrial Revolution changed Birmingham's demographic profile?
Increase in migrants. Younger demography (from universities). A new demographic make-up influenced beliefs and also food/ clothing shops and fabric used.
54
Describe and explain how external forces influenced change in Birmingham in the second half of the 20th century?
Major industrial decline.
Influence of TNCs (Japanese cars).
Global recession (1970).
Oil crash in Middle East - price x10.
Central government, gave grants to TNCs' to not set up in Birmingham (other UK places instead).
Migration, demography changes.
Housing, creation of tower blocks.
55
Suggest at least 3 reasons why Birmingham needed to regenerate from the 1980s onwards?
Birmingham's socioeconomic profile bore many of the characteristics of industrial decline:
1982, unemployment reached 19.4%.
Poor image of workers due to strikes.
Poor quality of housing.
High levels of water and air pollution.
Factories are old and on small sites in the inner city.
Cheaper manufacturing abroad, so workers skills are made redundant.
56
What do you think the image and perception was of Birmingham in the late 1990s?
Regional identity was based on industry but there were loads of negative associations with that.
57
Outline the role local governments played in the regeneration of Birmingham.
Playing a vital role in promoting change.
Actively promoted the city region -> attracts inward investments. Bringing about construction of the National Exhibition Centre (NEC).
Also e.g. Birmingham International Airport (BIA).
Both attract international conference and exhibition market.
Gives potential significant money to region.
NEC and BIA are able to be expanded as well.
58
Outline the role national governments played in the regeneration of Birmingham.
E.g. city challenge, single regeneration budget.
Designed to help access funding for redevelopment.
20th Century onwards.
Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation was established in 1992 to bring regeneration to old industrial areas, e.g. Nechells.
In 1999 the New Deal for Communities (NDC) scheme provided broadband access in parts of the inner city and set up work - experience programmes to try to improve employment opportunities.
59
Outline the role city councils played in the regeneration of Birmingham.
International Affairs Team who seek to promote Birmingham beyond the UK, and to gain funding.
£235 million was secured from EU social investment fund, (2014-2020).
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) has gone into projects such as improving insulation in run-down social housing.
60
Why was planning important in the regeneration of Birmingham?
Bringing about physical change which it was hoped would act as a catalyst or socioeconomic changes -> more public places e.g. Centenary Square.
Victoria Square and the buildings around it are being refurbished. E.g. 'spectacular water cascade'.
61
Outline the flagship development of the ICC and Symphony Hall.
Acts as a catalyst to attract further investments and regeneration. Opened in 1991.
Symphony hall is home to the City of Birmingham Centre attracts conferences internationally as well as nationally. Multiplier effect: restaurant, leisure facilities, etc.
The National Indoor Arena attracts large sporting events such as the 2003 World Indoor Athletics Championships, and the 2010 World Wheelchair Basketball Championships.
62
Outline the role of the key player, universities, in the regeneration of Birmingham.
Population of some 50,000.
Universities bring a cities youthful demographic. Spending can economically driving institutions.
They employ large numbers of people who have income to spend.
Students provide a market for a whole host of goods and services.
63
How was there been improvements to services in Birmingham?
The Bullring redevelopment in the 1960s was Europe's first major indoor shopping centre - refurbished along with flagship buildings, such as Selfridges.
This meant that the city's status increased due to the inclusion of leading retailers.
2013 new library: £189 million investment in Centenary Square. 1 million books, including a copy of Shakespeare's first folio.
64
How was there been improvements to the environment in Birmingham?
Streets pedestrianised.
High quality street furniture and trees.
Cities and canals are playing a major role in economic revitalisation. Players include the Canal and River Trust, set up in 2012.
Local government and the private sector contributed to the regeneration of locations such as the Gas Street Basin and Brindley Place.
65
With reference to the role of transport in Birmingham, outline HS2.
The National Government's flagship development; directly impacts Birmingham.
£20 billion, phase 1, links London to Birmingham via a high-speed railway.
Whole host of players: National and Local Government.
TNCs in majoring engineering works, banks, and local community groups.
NGOs such as the National Trust.
Railway takes ~50 mins from Birmingham to London.
66
With reference to the role of transport in Birmingham, outline West Midlands Motorway Network.
Transport legacy of the 70s, 80s, and 90s.
Hub of National Network in Birmingham: M6 links to M1, M5 and M40 are major spokes, M42 provides a ring road (SW to SE of the city).
This was developed by the National Government -> through private investment , responsible for the toll motorway (reduced congestion on the M6).
67
With reference to the role of transport in Birmingham, outline New Street Railway Station.
Transformed by a £700 million investment.
Involved network rail, private developers, and retailers.
Shops, cafes, and restaurants, have created 1000 jobs.
Scrapped team system decades ago, but have since made a comeback.
Midland Metro links central Birmingham with places to the west such as West Bromwich and Wolverhampton.
Further expansion taking place.
68
With reference to the role of transport in Birmingham, outline the Birmingham Development Plan.
Guides decisions of development and regeneration in the city up to 2031.
It deals with how and where new homes, jobs, services, and infrastructure will be delivered and the type of place Birmingham is likely to become over the next few decades.
69
Outline canals as a regeneration strategy within Birmingham.
Cleaning up the canals encourages new businesses to relocate in the city, creating a better environment pedestrians.
Canals remain a testament to Birmingham's early industrial growth and is today a major resource enjoyed by visitors and residents.
Until recently much of the canal network lay hidden and forgotten but the programme of environmental improvements carried out over the last two decades.
In particular canals are important to the city for their: development potential and focus for waterside development; regeneration potential; leisure, tourism and recreational role; nature conservation value; built conservation and heritage value; educational value; and transport value.
70
When was the Bull Ring completed?
2003.
71
What is unique about the location of the Bull Ring?
Note how the scheme truncates the inner ring road and reconnects pedestrian spaces, e.g. to New Street Station.
72
How much did the redevelopment of the Bull Ring cost? How many jobs were created?
Redevelopment opened at a cost of £530 million creating 8000 new jobs.
73
How many people visit the Bull Ring each year?
Over 35 million visitors in a year of opening (second busiest shopping centre apart from London's West End).
74
What historical link does the Bull Ring have within Birmingham?
The Bull Ring is where the markets of Birmingham have been situated since a royal charter in 1166 - in effect a 'market square'.
75
What does NEC stand for?
National Exhibition Centre.
76
Where did the Birmingham NEC open?
Opened on greenbelt land near to Birmingham International Airport.
77
What group developed Brindley Place?
The Argent group.
78
How much did the development of Brindley Place cost?
Large development costing £350 million.
78
Name 2 business within Brindley Place.
Sea Life Centre.
Royal Bank of Scotland.
78
What is Millennium Point?
A conference and event centre in Birmingham.
79
What redevelopment area was Millennium Point included within?
Part of the East side redevelopment of the city.
80
How much did it cost to construct Millennium Point?
Construction cost over £115 million.
81
The construction of Millennium Point is seen as a good example of what?
Seen as a good example of arts and media regeneration.
82
When was Millennium Point opened?
Summer of 2002.
83
Why is the Millennium Point important?
In particular it demonstrates how regeneration projects can successfully develop outside of the CBD core as long as they are physically well connected for pedestrians.
84
In the early 1970s, were was priority placed in Birmingham? What building was the first to broaden this?
In the early 1970s priority was given to developing Birmingham's potential as a business tourism hub of national and international significance.
The NEC (National Exhibition Centre), which opened in 1976 was the first initiative to broaden the city's economic base.
85
What was Birmingham's ICC made to complement? Why?
Made to complement the NEC, taking advantage of the city's strategic central location and existing expertise in business tourism to exploit a perceived gap in the conference market.
86
Why was Birmingham's ICC placed in the city centre?
A deliberate attempt to act as a catalyst of the regeneration of the central district which was seen to be falling far short of its potential.
87
What did the the growth of shopping areas and alternatives mean for Birmingham's market?
The growth of other shopping areas and alternatives (combined with increased personal mobility and suburbanisation) meant the markets became more important for the elderly and for poorer working class families who were less mobile.
88
In 1959, what were the first 2 buildings to be re-planned in Birmingham?
In 1959 modernist replanning began with the simultaneous building of the inner ring road (the Queensway) and the Bull Ring Centre, Britain's first city-centre indoor shopping mall.
89
What 2 buildings destroyed the coherence of the urban space of the Bull Ring?
The Inner Ring Road (The Queensway).
The Bull Ring Centre.
90
How is the Bull Ring different from the Bull Ring Centre?
The Bull Ring is a major shopping area that has been an important feature of Birmingham since the Middle Ages, when its market was first held.
In 2003, the shopping centre dubbed 'The Bullring Centre' was built.
91
How was the Bull Ring affected by the construction of the Bull Ring Centre and The Queensway?
Access to the adjacent outdoor market was restricted by roads and could be reached only by unpleasant and disorientating subways and passages.
92
When did redevelopment work start on the Bull Ring Centre?
In the late 1990s work began to knock-down and redevelop the immediate area of the Bull Ring.
93
How much was needed to redevelop the Bull Ring Centre?
The Bull Ring Centre was a £500 million scheme - one of Europe's largest city centre regeneration schemes ever.
94
How was The Bull Ring Centre been beneficial to Birmingham?
It has brought in new retail and leisure opportunities as well as a new public square around St Martin's Church.
95
How much did it cost to redevelop Birmingham city centre? Who supported this?
£1.5 billion redevelopment of Birmingham city centre.
Supported by massive investment in flagship projects such as:
Brindley Place: the Custard Factory, the Mailbox and Fort Dunlop.
Major investment in public arts programmes.
96
When was the modernist architectural style popular? Describe the architecture.
1950s and 1960s.
The architecture relies on a simplistic and often angular form, with use of iron, steel, concrete and glass.
97
Why is the modernist Birmingham a positive?
The modernist Birmingham offers a particularly rich example for visual study as it strives to build a new city image.
98
Is it important to recognise that the success of Birmingham's redevelopment is not only due to high profile flagship projects.
What else brought success?
Also due to the accomplishment of planners and urban architects who have established an interconnecting map of housing, workplaces and education that have redefined the quality of the city.
