5A Neuroplasticity Flashcards
The neuron
A nerve cell that transmits and receives neural information
Dendrite
receives neural imformation
Myelin Sheath
Insulates the neuron, prevents disturbances from other neurons
Axon terminal
Sends messages from one neuron to the next neuron
Synaptic gap
Where neuronal messages are transferred to one neuron to another neuron
The synaptic gap is the space between the axon terminal of one (presynaptic) neuron and the dendrites of the (postsynaptic) neuron it is sending the neuronal information to
Developmental Plasticity
Developmental plasticity: changes in the brain that occur through learning and aging
Developmental Plasticity - Synaptic pruning
Synaptic pruning is the elimination of underused synapses
Developmental Plasticity - Myelination
Myelination is the formation of the myelin around the axon of a neuron
What does developmental plasticity look like in infancy and adolescence?
Throughout infancy, the number of neuronal connections increases greatly through synaptogenesis
From late childhood to adolescence, synaptic pruning occurs and results in a reduction in neuronal connections
Brain trauma
Brain damage caused by external forces
Adaptive plasticity
The brain’s ability to regain neural functioning over time after brain trauma
Adaptive plasticity - sprouting
Sprouting is the ability of a neuron to form new branches on dendrites or axons
Adaptive plasticity - Rerouting
Rerouting is the neuron’s ability to form a new connection with an undamaged neuron
Ways to maintain brain functioning
Mental stimulation
e.g. crosswords, playing instruments
Diet
Omega-3 (found in oily fish) has been linked to lower levels of beta-amyloid, which contributes to Alzheimer’s disease
Physical activity
Social support
