56 - Bone and joint infections Flashcards

1
Q

Osteomyelitis is…

A

Infection of bone

Heterogenous disease
Difficult to diagnose and treat

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2
Q

Pathogenesis of osteomyelitis

A

Haematogenous - bacteria in blood go to bone e.g. endocarditis

Contiguous-focus - spread from adjacent area of infection

Direct inoculation - trauma or surgery

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3
Q

Classification of osteomyelitis

A

Stage 1 Medullary (necrosis of medullary contents - haematogenous)

Stage 2 superficial - necrosis localised to exposed surface

Stage 3 localised - full thickness cortical sequestation

Stage 4 diffuse - extensive, unstable bone

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4
Q

Osteomyelitis - clinical presentation

A
Pain
Soft tissue swelling
Erythema
Warmth
Localised tenderness
Reduced movement of affected limb
Systemic upset
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5
Q

Osteomyelitis - causative organisms

A
Staph. aureus (most common 60%)
Steptococci - A or B
Enterococci
Gram -ve bacilli e.g. salmonella
Anaerobes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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6
Q

Osteomyelitis - investigations

A

gold standard - culture and histology of bone biopsy / needle aspirates

Blood cultures 50% positive

Superificial swabs are of limited value

Leukocytosis - not diagnostic

CRP - usually raised

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7
Q

Osteomyelitis - therapy

A

Antimicrobials +/- surgery

Avoid empirical antimicrobial therapy

Give targeted ATX therapy

IV ATX initially given to ensure compliance and optimal bone levels as penetration to bone is low

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8
Q

Osteomyelitis - drug therapy

A
Clindamycin
Ciprofloxacin
Vancomycin
B-lactams
Gentamicin

Flucloxacillin IV - agent of choice for S.aureus

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9
Q

Septic arthritis - definition

A

Inflammatory rxn in joint space caused by infection resulting from direct invasion of a joint

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10
Q

Septic arthritis - classification system

A

Native joint infection vs prosthetic joint infection

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11
Q

Septic arthritis - pathogenesis

A

Organisms enter via haematogenous or trauma

Synovial tissue is highly vascular and lacks basement membrane allowing seeding

Cartilage erodes narrowing joint space

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12
Q

Septic arthritis - predisposing factors

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Trauma
IV drug use
Immunosuppressive disease

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13
Q

Septic arthritis - prosthetic joint infection

A

Organisms enter a joint via the blood

Joint prosthesis and cement provide a surface for bacterial attachment

Polymorph infiltration results in tissue damage instability of the prosthesis

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14
Q

Septic arthritis - clinical presentation

A

Joint - pain, swelling, tenderness, redness and limited movement

Systemic upset - fever, chills, night sweats

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15
Q

Septic arthritis - causative organisms

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Parvovirus B19, rubella, mumps

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16
Q

Septic arthritis - more causative organisms

A

Native joint - staph aureus, strep A,B,C,G, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, anaerobes, mycobacteria

Prosthetic - staph aureus, strep A,B,C,G; anaerobes, enterococci, gram –ve bacilli

17
Q

Septic arthritis - investigations

A

WBC count
Differential WCC
Gram stain
Crystal exam (gout can mimic infection

Culture
PCR

18
Q

Septic arthritis - therapy for native joint

A

Removal of purulent material (drainage + washout)

Empirical IV therapy then directed

Duration of 2-4 weeks

19
Q

Septic arthritis - therapy for prosthetic joint

A

Removal of implant or some elements and wash out

Empirical IV then directed

Duration for 6 weeks then oral switch