Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > 29 - Cardiovascular Disease 2 > Flashcards

29 - Cardiovascular Disease 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Left-sided heart failure

A

Kidneys - pre-renal azotemia, salt and fluid retention

Brain - irritability, decreased attention, stupor -> coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clinical presentation of left heart failure

A 
Pulm congestion and oedema
Heart failure cells
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
PND 
Blood tinged sputum
Cyanosis
Elevatory pulmonary WEDGE pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Right sided heart failure - aetiology

A

Aetiology - left failure cor pulmonare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Right sided heart failure - symptoms and signs

A

Liver and spleen
Kidneys
Pleura/pericardium
Peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Opening problems of valves

A

Stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Closing problems of valves

A

Regurgitation / incompetence / insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Calcification of a deformed valve
Senile
Rheumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rheumatic heart diseases is related to Strep A infection

A

Can cause pancarditis (whole heart) or…

either endo, myo or pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathology of acute valvular problems

A 
Inflammation
Aschoff bodies
Anitaschkow cells
Pancarditis
Vegetations on chordae tendinae at leaflet jxn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathology of chronic valvular problems

A

Thickened valves
Commisural fusion
Thick, short, chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mitral annular calcification

A

Calcification of the mitral skeleton
Usually no dysfunction
Regurgitation usually but stenosis possible
F»M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of aortic regurgitations

A

Rheumatic
Infectious
Aortic dilations - syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, marfan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of mitral regurgitations

A 
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Infectious
Fen-Phen
Papillary muscles, chordae tendinae
Calcification of mitral ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mitral valve prolapse - what is it, incidence

A

Myxomatous (connective tissue) degeneration of the mitral valve
Associated with connective tissue disorders
Floppy valve
3% incidence F»M
Easily seen on echocardiagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mitral valve prolapse - clinical features

A 
Usually asymptomatic
Mid-systolic click
Holosystolic murmur if regurg. present
Occasional chest pain, dyspnea
97% are cool
3% have infective endocarditis, mitral insuffiency, arrythmias, sudden death
17
Q

Congenital heart defects e.g.s

A

Faulty embryogenesis (week 3 - 8)
Usually mono-morphic i.e single lesion
May not be evident until later life
Overall incidence of 1% of births

18
Q

L->R shunts

A

No cyanosis
Pulmonary hypertension
Significant pulmonary hypertension is irreversible

All conditions have ‘D’s’ in their name

19
Q

R->L shunts

A

Cyanosis
Venous emboli become systemic = paradoxical

All conditions have ‘T’s’ in their name

20
Q

Obstructions can occur where in congenital heart disease

A

Aorta

Pulm. art.

21
Q

ASD - features

A

Not patent foramen ovale
Usually asymptomatic until adult
90% are secundum

22
Q

VSD - features

A

Most common CHD defect
Only 30% are isolated
Often with tetralogy of fallot
90% involve the membranous system

But, if muscular system, = ‘swiss-cheese’ septum

Small ones close spontaneously
Large ones progress to pulm. hypertension

23
Q

PDA - features

A

Patent ductus arteriosus
90% isolated
Associated with VSD, coarctation of aorta, pulm/aortic stenosis
Either shunt is possible as pulm hypertension approaches systemic pressure
Closing defect in early life may be life saving
Keeping it open with prostaglandin E may be life-saving
Murmur = continous harsh, machine-like

24
Q

Why would prostaglandin E be life-saving in PDA?

A

Transposition of great vessels could have occurred in which case you need deoxy and oxy blood to mix or death would occur.

25
Q

AVSD - features

A

Associated with defective, inadequate AV valves
Partial or complete (all 4 chambers freely communicate)
1/3 of complete AVSD have Down’s

26
Q

R->L shunt causes

A 
Tetralogy of fallot
Transposition of great arteries
Truncus arteriosus
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Tricuspid atresia
27
Q

Process of tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. VSD - large one
  2. Obstruction to RV outflow
  3. Aorta overrides the VSD
  4. RV hypertrophy

Survival depends on severity of subpulmonic stenosis

28
Q

TGA - features

A

Stands for: transposition of great arteries

Needs a shunt for survival
65% have PDA - unstable shunt
35% have VSD - stable shunt
RV is thicker than LV
Fatal in first few months
29
Q

Truncus arteriosus - what is it?

A

Development failure of separation of truncus arteriosus

Associated with VSD
Produces systemic cyanosis as well as increased pulmonary blood flow

30
Q

Tricuspid atresia - what is it? + features

A

Hypoplastic RV
NEEDS a shunt either ASD, VSD or PDA
High mortality

31
Q

TAPVC - stands for + what is it?

A

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Pulm. veins do NOT go to LA but to L. innominate vein or coronary sinus

Needs PFO or VSD
Hypoplastic LA

32
Q

Obstructive CHD e.g.s

A

Coarctation of aorta
Pulm stenosis/atresia
Aortic stenosis/atresia

33
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A

M>F
Infantile form - proximal to PDA = serious
Adult form = closed ductus i.e no PDA
Bicuspid aortic valve 50% of the time

34
Q

Pulm. stenosis of atresia

A

If 100% atretic = hypoplastic RV with ASD

Clinical severity is proportional to stenosis severity

35
Q

Aortic stenosis/atresia

A

Valvular - severe = hypoplastic LV->fatal
Sub-valvular = aortic wall thick below cusps
Supra-valvular = aortic wall thick above cusps

Clinical Pathology (65 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions