35 - Haematology Intro Flashcards by David Thomas

Types of haemopoietic stem cell self-renewal

Symmetric
Asymmetric
Lack of self-renewal x2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symmetric self-renewal

Increases stem cell pool

No differentiated progeny

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Asymmetric self-renewal

Maintain stem cell pool

Generation of differentiated progeny

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lack of self-renewal

No stem cell pool

Either generation of differentiated progeny or nothing at all

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Haemopoietic lineages

Myeloid - granulocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBCs), platelets

Lymphoid - B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Colony-forming unit (CFU-GEMM)

Myeloid lineage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Colony-forming unit (CFU-L)

Lymphoid lineage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Staging of haemopoiesis

Multipotential stem
Pluripotential stem
Committed stem
mature cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Embryology of haemopoiesis

Trophoblast
Starts day 27 in the aorta gonad mesonephros region

Expands rapidly at day 35 and gone by 40

Due to migration to liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Polycythaemia means

Raised RBC count

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Relative polycythaemia

Raised RBC count when plasma volume reduced

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Granulocytes - what do they have? who are they?

neutro/eosino/basophils

have cytoplasmic granules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neutrophils - features

Phagocytes
Most common
10x10^9/l
Live for only a few hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of neutrophilia

High #
Bacterial infection
Inflammation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of neutropenia

Low #

Side affect of drug

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eosinophilia causes

Parasitic infection

Allergies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Basophils

Rare cells - part of primitive immune system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of basophilia

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Monocyte features

Phagocytic and APCs

Migrate to tissues and are identified as ‘macrophages’ or ‘histiocytes’

Kupffer cells in liver
Langerhans cells in skin

High # of monocytes = monocytosis - causes

Tuberculosis

Lymphocyte types

NK cells
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Plasma cells

NK cells

Innate immune system

Large granular lymphocytes which recognise non-self cells

B - lymphocytes

Adaptive immune system
Rearrange the immunoglobuin genes to enable antigen specific Ig production

Humoral immunity

T-lymphocytes

Adaptive immune system
Rearrange the T-cell antigen receptors

Cell-mediated immunity
Target specific cytotoxicity
Interact with B cells, macrophages
Regulate immune responses

Lymphocytosis causes

high # Atypical lymphocytes of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Lymphopenia causes

Post bone marrow transplant

Plasmacytosis causes

Infection | Myeloma

Platelets - features

Derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes 200x10^9/l W/ soluble plasma clotting factor + endothelial cells form part of clotting system

What are haematologists responsible for?

Labs Patients Advice

What are non-haematologists responsible for?

Blood count + coag tests Transfusion Haematological disease can present anywhere...

Diagnostic tests:

FBC Blood film aka smear Coagulation screen

What does FBC test?

[Hb] Red cell parameters inc. mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell Hb (MCH) White cell count Platelet count

Coagulation screen what is it?

Test measure the time taken for a clot to form when plasma is mixed with reactive agents

What parts of coagulation cascade can be assayed?

Prothrombin time Activated partial thromboplastin time Thrombin time

Sensitivity definition

The proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test The ability to detect a true abnormality

Specificity defintion

Defined as the proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test The ability to exclude an abnormal result in a healthy person

Equation for sensitivity

TP / (TP + FN) True positive / (TP + false negative)

Equation for specificity

TN / (TN + FP)

Types of anaemia

Microcytic hypochromic Normocytic normochromic Macrocytic

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia test readings

MCV

Microcytic hypochromia is a sign of...

``` Iron deficiency Thalassaemia Anaemia of chronic disease Lead poisoning Sideroblastic anaemia ```

Normocytic normochromic test readings

MCV 80-95 fl | MCH ≥ 27 pg

Normocytic normochromic is a sign of...

``` Many haemolytic anaemias Anaemia of chronic disease After acute blood loss Renal disease Mixed deficiencies Bone marrow failure (post-chemo or due to cancer) ```

Macrocytic anaemia test readings

MCV >95fl

Macrocytic anaemia is a sign of...

Vit B12 or folate deficiency Non-megaloblastic: alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia

Description of iron deficiency

Small, pale red cells (low MCV and MCH) Variable size and shape Long thin 'pencil' cells

Description of vit B12

Hypersegment neutrophils and oval macrocytes