5.4 Flashcards
1
Q
leading up to Reform in Great Britain
A
- from the industrial revolution, many industrial leaders wanted MORE POWER (better electoral system)
- so the whigs (*in power and landed class) who saw from the FRENCH REVOLUTION (revolution = bad), they decided on the reform act of 1832
2
Q
reform act of 1832:
A
- it was a reaction to the CHANGES from the industrial revolution (*giving INDUSTRIAL CITIES instead of boroughs representation)
- *this brought the INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE class to the landed interests
- the UPPER MIDDLE CLASS benefited (lower class still didn’t have a vote although there were MORE VOTERS)
- this did not change the composition of the HOUSE OF COMMONS
3
Q
New Reform Legislation:
A
- before: landowning class put in legislation that halted ABUSES of industrialization
- now with industrial middle class in government, this middle class favored ECONOMIC LIBERALISM (poor law, repeal of corn laws)
4
Q
Poor Law
A
instead of HELPING the unemployed, make them 1)“wretched” 2) put them workhouses so that are ENCOURAGED to work
5
Q
Repeal of Corn Laws
A
- they wanted to lower bread prices
- aid the industrial middle class (economic liberals) who favored FREE TRADE (free trade = reducing tariffs + competition = happy)
6
Q
Causes of the Revolutions of 1848
A
- conservative leaders didn’t respond to problems and desires of people
- the working class radicals and middle class liberals were sure that the metternich system had “outlived its usefulness
- nationalists in italy and germany wanted unification.
- national minorities in austria wanted independence
- unemployment, crop failure, rising price of foods got people wanting change
- they were inspired by the french revolution of 1830
7
Q
Another French Revolution
A
- after people got MAD, louis fled france
- a PROVISIONAL (temporary) government was created by MODERATE AND RADICAL REPUBLICANS AND SOCIALISTS and a constitution with UNIVERSAL manhood SUFFRAGE (workshops were created by blanc (socialists) which gave WORK to unemployed)
- then, moderate (support from most of france) and radical republicans (support from working class) started to SPLIT
- also! liberals, socialists, bonapartists vied for power
- with the unemployment rising, they had to close the workshops. people got mad at this and RIOTED
- *a new constitution was created
8
Q
Second Republic
A
- the REPUBLIC created after the 2nd french revolution
- this system elected a PRESIDENT which would become napoleon bonaparte (transition to next section)
9
Q
Revolution in Germanic States
A
- *leaders in Germanic states (prussia) were forced to PROMISE (people who are excited) LIBERAL reforms (A UNITED GERMANY, allowing elections by universal male suffrage for frankfurt, free press, jury trials)
- there were two assemblies created: frederick (prussia)’s assembly and frankfurt assembly
- end: frankfurt “disbanded” after king of prussia refused to be king
- motive: LIBERALISM and NATIONALISM
10
Q
Frankfurt assembly in revolution in germanic states
A
- purpose: “fulfill a *LIBERAL and nationalist dream - the preparation of a constitution for a new united germany”
- extra:? there were MIDDLE CLASS delegates mostly (helping middle glass)
- there was controversy 1) they said they were the government for all of germany 2) the composition of the german state (with austria or without?)
- end: after austria dropped out, they agreed to let prussia be king, but Frederick William IV refused and it ended
11
Q
Upheaval in Austrian Empire
A
- the french revolution got people excited for minorities to have their own thingy (ex: HUNGARIANS *LIBERALS (kossuth) wanted to have their OWN LEGISLATURE)
- *metternich left to england (conservative order fleeing)
- hungary got what it wanted (legislature and had allegiance to habsburg dynasty) and other people started rebelling (czech)
- emperor FERDINAND was waiting to take the rebels down (looking for… = like in germany: radical and moderates would split, middle class fear a working class revolt)
- the austrian military defeated czech revolutions
- FRANCIS JOSEPH became king and was unable to defeat hungary
- then with russia’s help he defeated hungary
- motive: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM
12
Q
Louis Kossuth
A
led hungarian liberals in revolution in 1848
13
Q
Revolts in Italian States
A
- risorgimento was passed onto Giuseppe Mazzini who created the Young Italy organization
- the goal of young italy was to created a UNITED, LIBERAL REPUBLIC
- the rebellions started to spread northward (leaders give constitutions) (+)
- people rebelled against the austrians (+)
- however, the austrians were too strong and the revolution ended
- motives: LIBERALISM and NATIONALISM
14
Q
Failures of 1848:
A
- moderate liberals did not extend “suffrage” to working class who helped the liberals
- radicals pushed for universal male suffrage, liberals (moderates) pulled back
- since they were scared of working class revolution, their property, and security they went back to the OLD RULING CLASSES
- minorities started to FIGHT EACH OTHER (hungary)
- there was lack of popular support outside the cities
15
Q
Why police forces AND prison reforms came:
A
people wanted a DISCIPLINED society
16
Q
How new polices forces come to be:
A
- revolutionary upheavals made people nervous
- with cities growing, there were horrible conditions in the cities
- there was an increase in crime to property
- MIDDLE CLASS started to fear the urban poor and police were created to PROTECT them
17
Q
New Police Forces
A
- purpose: preserve property and lives, maintain domestic order, investigate crime, arrest offender
- because they were to PROTECT citizens, they became ACCEPTABLE
18
Q
French Police
A
- they were called serjents
- they report to the civilians, instead of the military (smaller scale protection)
19
Q
British Bobbies
A
- they were scared of powers “exercised by military or secret police in authoritarian continental states,”
- so they used unpaid CONSTABLES required by local authorities
- the constables were INCAPABLE and FAILED
- they then used uniformed officers called bobbies
- their goal was to prevent crime
20
Q
Schutzmannschaft
A
- this is an example of how the police system SPREAD
- originally a CIVILIAN BODY, they became basically a military
21
Q
Other Approaches to the Crime problem
A
1)
- increase in poverty = increase in crime= laziness (not moral degeneracy)
- solution: poor laws
2)
- increase in crime= increase in poverty = moral degeneracy (not laziness)
- solution: create places that created better members of society (london mechanics institute) and RELIGION opened up places (nunneries, sunday school, revival of religious orders)
22
Q
Prison Reform
A
- increase in crime = more arrests = need place to put prisoners
- capital punishment (death) (ineffective) = imprisonment
- purpose: isolate criminals from society
- because people were questioning this system (harsh treatment), governments (british and french) went to find other solutions (US)
- goal of governments in finding solutions: punish AND transform criminals
- after visiting US, they started using separate individual cells (USA used these)
23
Q
Marx and Marxism
A
- marx and engels meet and engels helped marx
- *they were advocates of radical working class movement
- After drafting in 1847 the Communist Manifesto for a group, you would think that it influenced the 1848 revolutions, but they didn’t because they weren’t well known (the manifesto was actually supposed to rouse the working class to action)
- after marx helped with the first international and at the same time working on his second work (das kaptial)
24
Q
Marx’s influence from the French and Germans
A
- French: their revolution convinced him that revolution could “totally restructure society and several examples of socialism
- Germany: Hegel’s idea of dialectic
25
Q
Engels
A
he helped marx because he witnessed the horrible conditions of the factories in manchester and called it “wage slavery”
26
Q
Hegel’s idea of dialectic
A
- change in history “is the result of conflicts between antagonistic (unfriendly, hostile) elements”
- although marx agreed with him, he disagreed with the idea that ideas manifesting themselves in historical forces, but instead marx believed it was material forces
27
Q
Ideas of Communist Manifesto
A
- “the history of all hither existing society is the history of class struggles”
- throughout history, oppressed and oppressor have stood in constant opposition to one another (middle ages: feudal system bowing to bourgeoisie and their ideas dominated the government and they controlled the government)
- they believed that NOW the proletariat would overthrow the “bourgeois masters”
- revolution = dictatorship = reorganize the means of production = classless society = state would not represent that interests of a particular state
28
Q
Proletariat
A
industrial working class
29
Q
First International
A
- because marx believed communists were the best (he defined communist was the “most advanced and resolute section of working class parties of very country), he helped with the first international
- the first international “served as an umbrella organization (help and coordinate other organization) for working-class interests
- this organization failed :(
30
Q
Marx’s antithesis, thesis, synthesis
A
- thesis: dominant state of affairs
- antithesis: conflicting force
- synthesis: result of conflict between thesis and antithesis
31
Q
Giuseppe Mazzini
A
found the young italy organization during the italian revolution of 1848
32
Q
Cause for the French Revolution
A
- republicans opposed the monarchy
- liberals opposed government’s press censorship, corruption, and voting restrictions
- workingmen had poor economic conditions and NO vote
33
Q
Frederick William IV of Prussia
A
- during the revolution in germanic states, he agreed to make reforms, including a Prussian assembly to draft a new constitution
- he was offered to be king of the new germanic states but refused and this caused the downfall of the frankfurt assembly
34
Q
francis joseph
A
- he defeated hungary with russia’s help in the austrian revolution
- abolished robot/ forced labor / serfdom and annulled the liberal constitution
35
Q
positives of 1848
A
- republic and universal male suffrage in france
- liberal constitution in sardinia -piedmont
- abolition of serfdom in austrian empire
