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AP Euro Unit 5 > 5.4 > Flashcards

5.4 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

leading up to Reform in Great Britain

A
  • from the industrial revolution, many industrial leaders wanted MORE POWER (better electoral system)
  • so the whigs (*in power and landed class) who saw from the FRENCH REVOLUTION (revolution = bad), they decided on the reform act of 1832
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2
Q

reform act of 1832:

A
  • it was a reaction to the CHANGES from the industrial revolution (*giving INDUSTRIAL CITIES instead of boroughs representation)
  • *this brought the INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE class to the landed interests
  • the UPPER MIDDLE CLASS benefited (lower class still didn’t have a vote although there were MORE VOTERS)
  • this did not change the composition of the HOUSE OF COMMONS
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3
Q

New Reform Legislation:

A
  • before: landowning class put in legislation that halted ABUSES of industrialization
  • now with industrial middle class in government, this middle class favored ECONOMIC LIBERALISM (poor law, repeal of corn laws)
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4
Q

Poor Law

A

instead of HELPING the unemployed, make them 1)“wretched” 2) put them workhouses so that are ENCOURAGED to work

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5
Q

Repeal of Corn Laws

A
  • they wanted to lower bread prices
  • aid the industrial middle class (economic liberals) who favored FREE TRADE (free trade = reducing tariffs + competition = happy)
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6
Q

Causes of the Revolutions of 1848

A
  • conservative leaders didn’t respond to problems and desires of people
  • the working class radicals and middle class liberals were sure that the metternich system had “outlived its usefulness
  • nationalists in italy and germany wanted unification.
  • national minorities in austria wanted independence
  • unemployment, crop failure, rising price of foods got people wanting change
  • they were inspired by the french revolution of 1830
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7
Q

Another French Revolution

A
  • after people got MAD, louis fled france
  • a PROVISIONAL (temporary) government was created by MODERATE AND RADICAL REPUBLICANS AND SOCIALISTS and a constitution with UNIVERSAL manhood SUFFRAGE (workshops were created by blanc (socialists) which gave WORK to unemployed)
  • then, moderate (support from most of france) and radical republicans (support from working class) started to SPLIT
  • also! liberals, socialists, bonapartists vied for power
  • with the unemployment rising, they had to close the workshops. people got mad at this and RIOTED
  • *a new constitution was created
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8
Q

Second Republic

A
  • the REPUBLIC created after the 2nd french revolution

- this system elected a PRESIDENT which would become napoleon bonaparte (transition to next section)

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9
Q

Revolution in Germanic States

A
  • *leaders in Germanic states (prussia) were forced to PROMISE (people who are excited) LIBERAL reforms (A UNITED GERMANY, allowing elections by universal male suffrage for frankfurt, free press, jury trials)
  • there were two assemblies created: frederick (prussia)’s assembly and frankfurt assembly
  • end: frankfurt “disbanded” after king of prussia refused to be king
  • motive: LIBERALISM and NATIONALISM
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10
Q

Frankfurt assembly in revolution in germanic states

A
  • purpose: “fulfill a *LIBERAL and nationalist dream - the preparation of a constitution for a new united germany”
  • extra:? there were MIDDLE CLASS delegates mostly (helping middle glass)
  • there was controversy 1) they said they were the government for all of germany 2) the composition of the german state (with austria or without?)
  • end: after austria dropped out, they agreed to let prussia be king, but Frederick William IV refused and it ended
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11
Q

Upheaval in Austrian Empire

A
  • the french revolution got people excited for minorities to have their own thingy (ex: HUNGARIANS *LIBERALS (kossuth) wanted to have their OWN LEGISLATURE)
  • *metternich left to england (conservative order fleeing)
  • hungary got what it wanted (legislature and had allegiance to habsburg dynasty) and other people started rebelling (czech)
  • emperor FERDINAND was waiting to take the rebels down (looking for… = like in germany: radical and moderates would split, middle class fear a working class revolt)
  • the austrian military defeated czech revolutions
  • FRANCIS JOSEPH became king and was unable to defeat hungary
  • then with russia’s help he defeated hungary
  • motive: LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM
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12
Q

Louis Kossuth

A

led hungarian liberals in revolution in 1848

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13
Q

Revolts in Italian States

A
  • risorgimento was passed onto Giuseppe Mazzini who created the Young Italy organization
  • the goal of young italy was to created a UNITED, LIBERAL REPUBLIC
  • the rebellions started to spread northward (leaders give constitutions) (+)
  • people rebelled against the austrians (+)
  • however, the austrians were too strong and the revolution ended
  • motives: LIBERALISM and NATIONALISM
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14
Q

Failures of 1848:

A
  • moderate liberals did not extend “suffrage” to working class who helped the liberals
  • radicals pushed for universal male suffrage, liberals (moderates) pulled back
  • since they were scared of working class revolution, their property, and security they went back to the OLD RULING CLASSES
  • minorities started to FIGHT EACH OTHER (hungary)
  • there was lack of popular support outside the cities
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15
Q

Why police forces AND prison reforms came:

A

people wanted a DISCIPLINED society

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16
Q

How new polices forces come to be:

A
  • revolutionary upheavals made people nervous
  • with cities growing, there were horrible conditions in the cities
  • there was an increase in crime to property
  • MIDDLE CLASS started to fear the urban poor and police were created to PROTECT them
17
Q

New Police Forces

A
  • purpose: preserve property and lives, maintain domestic order, investigate crime, arrest offender
  • because they were to PROTECT citizens, they became ACCEPTABLE
18
Q

French Police

A
  • they were called serjents

- they report to the civilians, instead of the military (smaller scale protection)

19
Q

British Bobbies

A
  • they were scared of powers “exercised by military or secret police in authoritarian continental states,”
  • so they used unpaid CONSTABLES required by local authorities
  • the constables were INCAPABLE and FAILED
  • they then used uniformed officers called bobbies
  • their goal was to prevent crime
20
Q

Schutzmannschaft

A
  • this is an example of how the police system SPREAD

- originally a CIVILIAN BODY, they became basically a military

21
Q

Other Approaches to the Crime problem

A

1)

  • increase in poverty = increase in crime= laziness (not moral degeneracy)
  • solution: poor laws

2)

  • increase in crime= increase in poverty = moral degeneracy (not laziness)
  • solution: create places that created better members of society (london mechanics institute) and RELIGION opened up places (nunneries, sunday school, revival of religious orders)
22
Q

Prison Reform

A
  • increase in crime = more arrests = need place to put prisoners
  • capital punishment (death) (ineffective) = imprisonment
  • purpose: isolate criminals from society
  • because people were questioning this system (harsh treatment), governments (british and french) went to find other solutions (US)
  • goal of governments in finding solutions: punish AND transform criminals
  • after visiting US, they started using separate individual cells (USA used these)
23
Q

Marx and Marxism

A
  • marx and engels meet and engels helped marx
  • *they were advocates of radical working class movement
  • After drafting in 1847 the Communist Manifesto for a group, you would think that it influenced the 1848 revolutions, but they didn’t because they weren’t well known (the manifesto was actually supposed to rouse the working class to action)
  • after marx helped with the first international and at the same time working on his second work (das kaptial)
24
Q

Marx’s influence from the French and Germans

A
  • French: their revolution convinced him that revolution could “totally restructure society and several examples of socialism
  • Germany: Hegel’s idea of dialectic
25
Q

Engels

A

he helped marx because he witnessed the horrible conditions of the factories in manchester and called it “wage slavery”

26
Q

Hegel’s idea of dialectic

A
  • change in history “is the result of conflicts between antagonistic (unfriendly, hostile) elements”
  • although marx agreed with him, he disagreed with the idea that ideas manifesting themselves in historical forces, but instead marx believed it was material forces
27
Q

Ideas of Communist Manifesto

A
  • “the history of all hither existing society is the history of class struggles”
  • throughout history, oppressed and oppressor have stood in constant opposition to one another (middle ages: feudal system bowing to bourgeoisie and their ideas dominated the government and they controlled the government)
  • they believed that NOW the proletariat would overthrow the “bourgeois masters”
  • revolution = dictatorship = reorganize the means of production = classless society = state would not represent that interests of a particular state
28
Q

Proletariat

A

industrial working class

29
Q

First International

A
  • because marx believed communists were the best (he defined communist was the “most advanced and resolute section of working class parties of very country), he helped with the first international
  • the first international “served as an umbrella organization (help and coordinate other organization) for working-class interests
  • this organization failed :(
30
Q

Marx’s antithesis, thesis, synthesis

A
  • thesis: dominant state of affairs
  • antithesis: conflicting force
  • synthesis: result of conflict between thesis and antithesis
31
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

found the young italy organization during the italian revolution of 1848

32
Q

Cause for the French Revolution

A
  • republicans opposed the monarchy
  • liberals opposed government’s press censorship, corruption, and voting restrictions
  • workingmen had poor economic conditions and NO vote
33
Q

Frederick William IV of Prussia

A
  • during the revolution in germanic states, he agreed to make reforms, including a Prussian assembly to draft a new constitution
  • he was offered to be king of the new germanic states but refused and this caused the downfall of the frankfurt assembly
34
Q

francis joseph

A
  • he defeated hungary with russia’s help in the austrian revolution
  • abolished robot/ forced labor / serfdom and annulled the liberal constitution
35
Q

positives of 1848

A
  • republic and universal male suffrage in france
  • liberal constitution in sardinia -piedmont
  • abolition of serfdom in austrian empire

AP Euro Unit 5 (6 decks)

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