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AP Euro Unit 5 > 5.3 > Flashcards

5.3 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

The origins of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

A
  • agricultural revolution
  • supply of capital
  • early industrial entrepreneurs
  • mineral resources
  • role of government
  • markets
  • enclosure movement
  • The population explosion
  • The enlightenment
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2
Q

how the agrictulrual revolution effected the IR

A
  • there was an increase in food production
  • with more food, more people could be fed
  • there was a rapid population growth which provided more laborers
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3
Q

how the supply of capital effected the IR

A
  • Britain’s central bank and credit facilities
  • british people’s used to ness of paper instruments
  • people had profited from the trade and cottage industry
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4
Q

how the early industiral entrepneurs effected the IR

A
  • positive: Britain had a lot of people interested in making profits (the english revolution put power into a group of people who favored innovation in economic matters)
  • negative: there were STILL FINANCIAL HAZARDS people faced
  • *there was individual or family proprietorship
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5
Q

how the mineral resources effected the IR

A

-britain had supplies of mineral resources
-britain was small, therefore transportation was a shorter distance
-they started to build roads, bridges, and canals
there was NO INTERNAL TAXES

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6
Q

how the role of government effected the IR

A
  • they PROTECTED PRIVATE PROPERTY

- it placed few restrictions ON PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS

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7
Q

how markets effected the IR

A

internationally:
- there was a vast supply of markets in EUROPE and THE COLONIES
- their MERCHANT MARINE was helpful in transporting
- they could produce CHEAPLY the stuff in demand which was STURDY AND INEXPENSIVE clothes

domestically:

  • britain had a growing population and highest standard of living
  • british people wanted stuff!
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8
Q

how enclosure movements effected the IR

A
  • it concentrates land ownership into fewer hands / privatized instead of being available for everyone
  • with no land to work, small farmers were displaced and forming a pool of CHEAP LABOR
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9
Q

how the population explosion effected the IR

A
  • new farming methods created more food

- the discovery of SMALLPOX VACCINE reduced death rates

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10
Q

how the enlightnment effected the IR

A

british society encouraged inventions and entrepreneurs

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11
Q

The cotton industry in the beginning

A
  • people WANTED COTTON CLOTH
  • so because of the PROFITS people made, people FINANCED new ways of spinning and weaving cloth
  • the inventions marked a shift from HUMAN AND ANIMAL POWER to MECHANICAL
  • *at this time, the power looms were better, but STILL NOT FAST ENOUGH to outrun the home-based loom weavers, so the loom weavers still PROSPERED
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12
Q

the big change in the cotton industry

A
  • *they discovered it was more efficient to bring workers TO MACHINES NEXT TO RIVERS AND STREAMS
  • with people coming to work on the machines, TOWNS grew around the factories
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13
Q

the transition to steam engine from the cotton industry

A

with the COTTAGE INDUSTRY EXPANDING and MORE DEMAND, people were pressured to create new technology

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14
Q

The steam engine

A
  • it DOESN’T HAVE TO BE NEAR RIVERS
  • for the steam engine could TURN A SHAFT and DRIVE MACHINERY, it could be used for OTHER AREAS OF PRODUCTION, thus created NEW INDUSTRIES
  • with the steam engine, MORE products were being produced, and they were CHEAPER
  • no one could compete in QUALITY OR QUANTITY with britain
  • extra: now people in britain could AFFORD undergarments
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15
Q

the transition to the iron industry from the steam engine

A
  • the steam engine depended on COAL, which they thought was UNLIMITED IN QUANTITY
  • so they started to dig up a LOT OF COAL
  • with so much coal, they started to look at new ways coal could be used (iron)
  • *people wanted NEW MACHINES so iron was material for machines?
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16
Q

The iron industry

A
  • before, they used the method of SMELTING (coal is turned to COKE, the coke then melted iron ore)
  • smelting produced PIG IRON , but not the BEST QUALITY
  • after,PUDDLING came where WROUGHT IRON was produced, which is better than pig iron
  • suddenly, A LOT OF IRON WAS PRODUCED
17
Q

transition to revolution in transportation in BRITAIN from iron industry

A

with a growing supply of LESS COSTLY METAL, they thought they could use it in other industries (transportation)

18
Q

A revolution in Transportation

A

people needed to move their resources and goods MORE EFFICIENTLY so an EXPANSION of transportation facilities (roads, canals, railroads)

19
Q

railroads:

A
  • railroads had been used since the 1500s, but they used WOODEN RAILS
  • so people began replacing the wooden rails with IRON RAILS
  • another big change was the change from HORSEPOWER to the STEAM ENGINE
  • (EXTRA)locomotives started at 5 miles per hour to 16 miles per hour (THE ROCKET)then to 50 miles per hour
  • *NEW COMPANIES were formed to build more railroads because other industries proved to be SUCCESSFUL
20
Q

the snowball effect of railroads:

A
  • the COAL and IRON industry grew because railroads demanded them
  • after learning skills for railway building, britain became the “top dog” in CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
  • in order to get money to build railways, people invested in JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES
  • JOB opportunities were created
  • after destroying mountains and stuff, people felt a sense of POWER OVER NATURE
21
Q

the snowball effect of railroads on the growth of the INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

A
  • stimulated further INDUSTRIAL GROWTH (cheaper and faster transportation, price goes down, large markets created, increased sales, more factories)
  • *the thing above reinforces the SELF-SUSTAINING nature of the industrial revolution, which is a BREAK with the european economy
  • entrepreneurs then invested even more (because they had profited), thus increasing the PRODUCTIVE (producing) CAPACITY of the economy
22
Q

The industrial factory

A
  • origin: COTTON INDUSTRY
  • the factories became the way to ORGANIZE labor for NEW MACHINES
  • instead of people OWNING the machines and working on them, workers were hired that DID NOT OWN the machines, but got paid WAGES
  • there was a new type of DISCIPLINE, TIME-WORK DISCIPLINE (regular hours, shifts, maximum output)
  • owners used TOUGH METHODS to push the workers to make their product (fined for different things, dismissal, children were beaten)
23
Q

factories and EVANGELICAL churches

A
  • methodism said people must “forgo immoderation and follow a disciplined path”
  • the EVANGELICAL church ideas (methodism) PARALLELED the ideas of factory owners which was to “instil their workers with their OWN middle-class values (hard work, discipline, thrift)
24
Q

Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851

A
  • this was the first INDUSTRIAL FAIR
  • it was in the CRYSTAL PALACE, london
  • there were exhibits that showed the wide variety of PRODUCTS CREATED by the industrial revolution
  • after seeing india’s products some people believed india’s labor techniques could not be compared to britain’s
25
Q

Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851

was a symbol of

A
  • british SUCCESS
  • human domination over nature which is GOD’S WILL
  • british IMPERIAL power (stuff from india)
26
Q

Britain at 1850

A
  • it was the FIRST INDUSTRIAL nation
  • it was the WEALTHIEST
  • they were certain about their “mission in the world” because of their MATERIAL SUCCESS?
  • but the continent places were coming up!
27
Q

Industrialization on the continent

A
  • when: 1815 - 1850

- where: Belgium (low countries), france, german states

28
Q

Beginning of Industrialization in the low countries, france, and german states in 1815 SIMILIARITIES

A

had population growth, agricultural improvements, cottage industries and foreign trade grew

29
Q

Beginning of Industrialization in the low countries, france, and german states in 1815
DIFFERENCES

A
  • they lagged behind britain because they didn’t have: goods roads, had problems with river transportation, toll stations (increase price), guild restrictions, less enterprising than britain (family security, didn’t take risks)
  • britain started before the countries on the continent
30
Q

Borrowing Techniques and Practices on the Continent

A
  • when: after 1815
  • problem: didn’t have technological knowledge
  • solution: BORROW from the british
  • britain tried to prevent borrowing, but eventually LAWS (legislation) couldn’t stop them (no leaving country, exporting forbidden) (illegally)
  • the continent people then started to expand (after people got the knowledge from britain and LEARNED it, they started get their own TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE) (then started spreading, establish schools)
31
Q

Role of Government on the Continent

A
  • governments there were ACCUSTOMED to help with economic affairs, so they thought it was LOGICAL to help (governments paid the money to builds roads and stuff)
  • governments used TARIFFS to further industrialization (tax on british goods)
  • LIST argued that a nation must use tariffs to protect infant industries, or else the big boys will squash them
32
Q

Comparing Britain and the Continents (similiarities)

A

cotton was important with both (FRANCE was continental leader, but still behind britain)

33
Q

Comparing Britian and COntinenets (differences)

A
  • the technology for cotton industry was BEHIND Britain (BELGIUM however became the modern cotton stuff)
  • british cotton manufacturing was CENTERED,while the continents were DISPERSED
  • on the continent, they OLD and NEW techniques for cotton manufacturing AND heavy industry (hand looms)(coke smelting, charcoal)
  • britain used the STEAM ENGINE in textile, while the continent used in mining etc.
34
Q

The Industrial Revolution in the United States

A
  • when: 1800- civil war (1860 becoming industrial nation)
  • they BORROWED AT FIRST from the british and COPIED
  • then they started to EQUAL or SURPASS british inventions (interchangeable parts)
  • result from getting smart: the AMERICAN-SYSTEM REDUCED COSTS and SAVED LABOR (interchangeable parts?)

AP Euro Unit 5 (6 decks)

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