5.3 Flashcards
The origins of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
- agricultural revolution
- supply of capital
- early industrial entrepreneurs
- mineral resources
- role of government
- markets
- enclosure movement
- The population explosion
- The enlightenment
how the agrictulrual revolution effected the IR
- there was an increase in food production
- with more food, more people could be fed
- there was a rapid population growth which provided more laborers
how the supply of capital effected the IR
- Britain’s central bank and credit facilities
- british people’s used to ness of paper instruments
- people had profited from the trade and cottage industry
how the early industiral entrepneurs effected the IR
- positive: Britain had a lot of people interested in making profits (the english revolution put power into a group of people who favored innovation in economic matters)
- negative: there were STILL FINANCIAL HAZARDS people faced
- *there was individual or family proprietorship
how the mineral resources effected the IR
-britain had supplies of mineral resources
-britain was small, therefore transportation was a shorter distance
-they started to build roads, bridges, and canals
there was NO INTERNAL TAXES
how the role of government effected the IR
- they PROTECTED PRIVATE PROPERTY
- it placed few restrictions ON PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS
how markets effected the IR
internationally:
- there was a vast supply of markets in EUROPE and THE COLONIES
- their MERCHANT MARINE was helpful in transporting
- they could produce CHEAPLY the stuff in demand which was STURDY AND INEXPENSIVE clothes
domestically:
- britain had a growing population and highest standard of living
- british people wanted stuff!
how enclosure movements effected the IR
- it concentrates land ownership into fewer hands / privatized instead of being available for everyone
- with no land to work, small farmers were displaced and forming a pool of CHEAP LABOR
how the population explosion effected the IR
- new farming methods created more food
- the discovery of SMALLPOX VACCINE reduced death rates
how the enlightnment effected the IR
british society encouraged inventions and entrepreneurs
The cotton industry in the beginning
- people WANTED COTTON CLOTH
- so because of the PROFITS people made, people FINANCED new ways of spinning and weaving cloth
- the inventions marked a shift from HUMAN AND ANIMAL POWER to MECHANICAL
- *at this time, the power looms were better, but STILL NOT FAST ENOUGH to outrun the home-based loom weavers, so the loom weavers still PROSPERED
the big change in the cotton industry
- *they discovered it was more efficient to bring workers TO MACHINES NEXT TO RIVERS AND STREAMS
- with people coming to work on the machines, TOWNS grew around the factories
the transition to steam engine from the cotton industry
with the COTTAGE INDUSTRY EXPANDING and MORE DEMAND, people were pressured to create new technology
The steam engine
- it DOESN’T HAVE TO BE NEAR RIVERS
- for the steam engine could TURN A SHAFT and DRIVE MACHINERY, it could be used for OTHER AREAS OF PRODUCTION, thus created NEW INDUSTRIES
- with the steam engine, MORE products were being produced, and they were CHEAPER
- no one could compete in QUALITY OR QUANTITY with britain
- extra: now people in britain could AFFORD undergarments
the transition to the iron industry from the steam engine
- the steam engine depended on COAL, which they thought was UNLIMITED IN QUANTITY
- so they started to dig up a LOT OF COAL
- with so much coal, they started to look at new ways coal could be used (iron)
- *people wanted NEW MACHINES so iron was material for machines?
The iron industry
- before, they used the method of SMELTING (coal is turned to COKE, the coke then melted iron ore)
- smelting produced PIG IRON , but not the BEST QUALITY
- after,PUDDLING came where WROUGHT IRON was produced, which is better than pig iron
- suddenly, A LOT OF IRON WAS PRODUCED
transition to revolution in transportation in BRITAIN from iron industry
with a growing supply of LESS COSTLY METAL, they thought they could use it in other industries (transportation)
A revolution in Transportation
people needed to move their resources and goods MORE EFFICIENTLY so an EXPANSION of transportation facilities (roads, canals, railroads)
railroads:
- railroads had been used since the 1500s, but they used WOODEN RAILS
- so people began replacing the wooden rails with IRON RAILS
- another big change was the change from HORSEPOWER to the STEAM ENGINE
- (EXTRA)locomotives started at 5 miles per hour to 16 miles per hour (THE ROCKET)then to 50 miles per hour
- *NEW COMPANIES were formed to build more railroads because other industries proved to be SUCCESSFUL
the snowball effect of railroads:
- the COAL and IRON industry grew because railroads demanded them
- after learning skills for railway building, britain became the “top dog” in CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
- in order to get money to build railways, people invested in JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES
- JOB opportunities were created
- after destroying mountains and stuff, people felt a sense of POWER OVER NATURE
the snowball effect of railroads on the growth of the INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY
- stimulated further INDUSTRIAL GROWTH (cheaper and faster transportation, price goes down, large markets created, increased sales, more factories)
- *the thing above reinforces the SELF-SUSTAINING nature of the industrial revolution, which is a BREAK with the european economy
- entrepreneurs then invested even more (because they had profited), thus increasing the PRODUCTIVE (producing) CAPACITY of the economy
The industrial factory
- origin: COTTON INDUSTRY
- the factories became the way to ORGANIZE labor for NEW MACHINES
- instead of people OWNING the machines and working on them, workers were hired that DID NOT OWN the machines, but got paid WAGES
- there was a new type of DISCIPLINE, TIME-WORK DISCIPLINE (regular hours, shifts, maximum output)
- owners used TOUGH METHODS to push the workers to make their product (fined for different things, dismissal, children were beaten)
factories and EVANGELICAL churches
- methodism said people must “forgo immoderation and follow a disciplined path”
- the EVANGELICAL church ideas (methodism) PARALLELED the ideas of factory owners which was to “instil their workers with their OWN middle-class values (hard work, discipline, thrift)
Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851
- this was the first INDUSTRIAL FAIR
- it was in the CRYSTAL PALACE, london
- there were exhibits that showed the wide variety of PRODUCTS CREATED by the industrial revolution
- after seeing india’s products some people believed india’s labor techniques could not be compared to britain’s
Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851
was a symbol of
- british SUCCESS
- human domination over nature which is GOD’S WILL
- british IMPERIAL power (stuff from india)
Britain at 1850
- it was the FIRST INDUSTRIAL nation
- it was the WEALTHIEST
- they were certain about their “mission in the world” because of their MATERIAL SUCCESS?
- but the continent places were coming up!
Industrialization on the continent
- when: 1815 - 1850
- where: Belgium (low countries), france, german states
Beginning of Industrialization in the low countries, france, and german states in 1815 SIMILIARITIES
had population growth, agricultural improvements, cottage industries and foreign trade grew
Beginning of Industrialization in the low countries, france, and german states in 1815
DIFFERENCES
- they lagged behind britain because they didn’t have: goods roads, had problems with river transportation, toll stations (increase price), guild restrictions, less enterprising than britain (family security, didn’t take risks)
- britain started before the countries on the continent
Borrowing Techniques and Practices on the Continent
- when: after 1815
- problem: didn’t have technological knowledge
- solution: BORROW from the british
- britain tried to prevent borrowing, but eventually LAWS (legislation) couldn’t stop them (no leaving country, exporting forbidden) (illegally)
- the continent people then started to expand (after people got the knowledge from britain and LEARNED it, they started get their own TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE) (then started spreading, establish schools)
Role of Government on the Continent
- governments there were ACCUSTOMED to help with economic affairs, so they thought it was LOGICAL to help (governments paid the money to builds roads and stuff)
- governments used TARIFFS to further industrialization (tax on british goods)
- LIST argued that a nation must use tariffs to protect infant industries, or else the big boys will squash them
Comparing Britain and the Continents (similiarities)
cotton was important with both (FRANCE was continental leader, but still behind britain)
Comparing Britian and COntinenets (differences)
- the technology for cotton industry was BEHIND Britain (BELGIUM however became the modern cotton stuff)
- british cotton manufacturing was CENTERED,while the continents were DISPERSED
- on the continent, they OLD and NEW techniques for cotton manufacturing AND heavy industry (hand looms)(coke smelting, charcoal)
- britain used the STEAM ENGINE in textile, while the continent used in mining etc.
The Industrial Revolution in the United States
- when: 1800- civil war (1860 becoming industrial nation)
- they BORROWED AT FIRST from the british and COPIED
- then they started to EQUAL or SURPASS british inventions (interchangeable parts)
- result from getting smart: the AMERICAN-SYSTEM REDUCED COSTS and SAVED LABOR (interchangeable parts?)
