5.3 part 2

Question 1

The Need for Transportation in USA

Answer 1

• problem: LARGE country= limit economic development (transportation = expensive)
• solution: steamboat, railroad, roads, canals
• result: the usa became a SINGLE MASSIVE MARKET for the manufactured goods of the northeast

Question 2

The Labor Force in USA

Answer 2

• there was a lot of FARM PEOPLE, so with more people in the farms, people moved out either 1) west 2) go to the factories (WOMEN and CHILDREN )
• problem later on: DECLINE in RURAL births
• solution: IMMIGRANTS replace women and children
• the women, children, and immigrants were all UNSKILLED WORKERS
• result: people invested in a CAPITAL-INTENSIVE PATTERN (invest a lot in machines that didn’t need skill to be worked on)
• comparing: britain had skilled workers, and didn’t need to use machines, and “mechanization WAS NEVER RAPID”

Question 3

Effects of Industrialization in USA

Answer 3

• *the rich got richer, but the poorer didn’t actually get poorer (purchasing power)
• in USA, income was HIGHER than national average
• machine-made clothing was more abundant (undergarments)

Question 4

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in NON INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD in RUISSA

Answer 4

still serfdom, rural, FEARFUL of change

Question 5

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in NON INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD in INDIA

Answer 5

• european states that had control of foreign states, wanted to PREVENT DELIBERATELY the growth of industrialization there
• with british stuff coming in, people who made stuff were UNEMPLOYED
• then the british ONLY wanted them to EXPORT and to BUY goods
• then, NO manufacturing operation were created

Question 6

The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 6

• population growth
• growth of cities
• new social classes: (industrial middle class, workers)
• standards of living
• efforts at change (workers, reformers, government)

Question 7

Population Growth

Answer 7

• improvement: RECORD keeping became ACCURATE
• cause: DECLINE in birth rates
• cause for birth rates
• *INDUSTRIALIZATION DID NOT CAUSE POPULATION GROWTH

Question 8

cause for decline in birth rates

Answer 8

• drop in deaths from famine, epidemics, war etc…

- increase in FOOD SUPPLY (agricultural revolution spreading from britain to other places)

Question 9

introduction into the Great hunger

Answer 9

• people in industrialization were GREATER, but they were still small (“islands in agricultural sea”)
• affect: more people in countryside, less land to split up, landless peasants

Question 10

background to The Great Hunger

Answer 10

• peasants rented from landlords, who collected rents, IN POVERTY
• the POTATO was important because could GROW MORE FOOD per acre, therefore COULD FEED A FAMILY

Question 11

the great hunger

Answer 11

• the growth of population= potato, people marry earlier, population growth (depend on potato)
• then a blight in potato= died, emigrated

Question 12

Emigration

Answer 12

• problem: AGRARIAN crisis

- solution: EMIGRATION (germany, ireland) and move to TOWNS and CITIES

Question 13

The Growth of Cities

Answer 13

• cities were beginning to GROW and change (traditionally= government offices, churches commerce, 19th century = place for manufacturing and industry)
• the British population grew and so did the continent population but less dramatically

Question 14

Urban living conditions in the EARLY industrial revolution

Answer 14

• the conditions in the cities were ALREADY BAD, but the IR made it WORSE (the wealthy lived in the SUBURBS/outer ring (individual houses), artisans and lower middle class= inner ring (small row)), workers = center (row houses).
• affect: deaths outnumbered births, they were “DEATH TRAPS”
• how do we know this: social investigations (POOR LAW COMMISSION, they were alarmed by the moral consequences : prostitution, crime, etc..)

Question 15

specific conditions of early industrial revolution

Answer 15

• rooms: OVERCROWDED (beds)
• SANITARY CONDITIONS: horrible (waste and food in streets)
• adulteration of food (making food look good, the government DIDN’T INTERVENE)

Question 16

Urban Reformers

Answer 16

• the “WELL-TO-DO” were scared of the MASSES BEING ORGANIZED and OVERTHROWING THE ESTABLISHED ORDER
• people like chadwick were SCARED of CHOLERA spreading to their society and were WILLING TO HELP

Question 17

Chadwick

Answer 17

• he wanted to “eliminate poverty” in the cities so he began investigating
• after investigating, he summarized that the diseases are CAUSED by the bad stuff in the city (pollution from decomposing food, overcrowdedness, damp and filth)
• solution: supporting “a system of modern SANITARY REFORMS” (drainage, supply of war)

Question 18

New Social Classes: The Industrial middle class, BOURGEOISIE

Answer 18

• traditionally: merchant, official, artisan, lawyer scholar

- now with TOWNSPEOPLE BUYING LAND: included people in commerce, industry, banking, professionals

Question 19

New Social Classes: The Industrial middle class, EARLY entreprenuers

Answer 19

• had to handle a bunch of tasks instead of a team doing it

- they had to take huge RISKS (competition, investing their initial profits to more stuff, bankruptcy)

Question 20

New Social Classes: The Industrial middle class, NEW entrepreunuers

Answer 20

• they were from DIVERSE social origins (mercantile background, *land and domestic industries were INTERDEPENDENT, apprentices)
• dissenting religious MINORITIES were part of it b/c they were they EXCLUDED from other opportunities and focused on industrial (*barclays and lloyds, quakers)
• ARISTOCRATS became entrepreneurs

Question 21

Significance of Industrial Entrepreneurs

Answer 21

• the NEW generation (from PROFESSIONALS middle class) was REPLACING the traditional entrepreneurship
• but there were still small businesses existing and some being founded by people from HUMBLE backgrounds
• the new people got so RICH, that they started to MERGE with the LANDED elites

Question 22

New Social Class: Workers in the Industrial Age

Answer 22

• the working class was in the *FIRST half of the 19th century a MIXTURE of groups (workers, agricultural laborers, domestic, workshops), but would become *an industrial proletariat
• in the mixture (specifically) there were artisans/craftspeople and SERVANTS

Question 23

New Social Class: Workers in the Industrial Age, aristans and craftspeople

Answer 23

• were still big in the FIRST half of the 19th century in the city
• *they were SKILLED workers, not factory workers
• they didn’t want to lose their workshops to factories so they SUPPORTED movements against industrialization

Question 24

Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class

Answer 24

-(mentioned earlier) *PSYCHOLOGICAL effects were when they were trying to break the old work patterns and discipline

Question 25

physical conditions for industrial working class

Answer 25

• work hours, no security of employment, and no minimum wage
• cotton mills: hot, dirty, dusty, unhealthy
• coal mines: cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes/ *bad air

Question 26

Children and Women Labor

Answer 26

• child labor was already used in PREINDUSTRIAL times (family economy)
• they were then used in IR because they 1) were SMALL 2) CHEAP supply of labor
• PAUPER apprentices was when orphans in parishes were sent to factories to work
• after legislation declined the number of children working, their places were taken by WOMEN
• the traditional working patterns of women STILL DIDN’T CHANGE although many women worked in factories (they still domestic servants and agricultural)
• *child and women labor represents a “continuation of PRE INDUSTRIAL kinship pattern” , and the MOVING force for this type of work was the FAMILY ITSELF (family economy)

Question 27

Government interfering in child and women labor

Answer 27

• the government interfered with child labor and women labor, LIMITING the amount of hours they worked
• the EARLY reforms for both types of labor only applied to textile factories and mines, not SMALL WORKSHOPS
• *these reforms above broek the traditional kinship pattern and led to the NEW pattern on SEPARATION of work and home
• the government also interfered with POVERTY by established WORKHOUSES (discipline)

Question 28

Standards of living

Answer 28

• the OVERALL standard of living improved (higher income per person)
• *wages, prices, and consumption determine the standard of living
• 1780-1850: consumption, wages and prices FLUCTUATED (more stuff bought in 1780 than 1840, 1815-1830= drop in prices, increase in wages)
• OVERPRODUCTION brought economic hardship (unemployment, *cyclical depression)
• although there was an INCREASE in wages, the living conditions were horrible for the working class (was there was improvement in standard of living?)

Question 29

arguments and agreements about the EARLY stages of standards of living

Answer 29

• arguments: 1) people needed to invest a lot and in order to make the profits, they were LOWER wages 2) the first profits were NOT LARGE
• certainty: there was a GAP between the rich and poor

Question 30

Efforts at Change: The Workers

Answer 30

• workers formed LABOR ORGANIZATION to gain decent wages and working conditions
• but! the combination acts OUTLAWED associations of workers, but not the TRADE UNIONS
• so trade unions started their groups and had their own goals

Question 31

Combination Acts

Answer 31

OUTLAWED associations of workers

Question 32

Trade Unions

Answer 32

• groups of SKILLED workers
• the trade unions goals were : 1) limit entry into the trade to preserve their OWN worker’s position 2) gain benefits from employers (selfish in a way)
• trade unions then started to STRIKE
• the government realized the mistake of the combination acts and REPEALED it
• *they then wanted to create NATIONAL UNIONS and they were influenced by OWEN’S ideas and created the *Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
• however it COLLAPSED and went back to individual trade unions

Question 33

Robert Owen

Answer 33

he was a SOCIALIST, therefore wanted COOPERATION instead of COMPETITION

Question 34

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Answer 34

it was a national federation of trade unions

Question 35

Luddites

Answer 35

• they were SKILLED crafts people in britain

- they attacked machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods

Question 36

Chartism

Answer 36

• goal: achieve POLITICAL DEMOCRACY (universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, elimination of property qualifications for government, annual sessions of government, secret ballot)
• they wanted to put through change PEACEFULLY, but still used FORCE
• although it’s petitions didn’t go through or it didn’t want a huge change, it still showed how workers can ORGANIZE and rise TOGETHER

Question 37

Reformers

Answer 37

efforts to improve came from OUTSIDE the ranks of working class (romantic poets)

Question 38

Efforts at Change: Government

Answer 38

people began DOCUMENTING and DEALING with problems in the city, then as the reports were intensifying, reforms started to come through (factory acts 1802-1819, 1833, Ten Hours Act)

Question 39

Factory Acts of 1802 and 1819

Answer 39

• limited labor for children, age limit for employment, education for children
• sadly, they only applied to cotton mills, and there was ENFORCING of it

Question 40

Factory Acts of 1833

Answer 40

• made stronger the factory acts before and applied to textile factories too!
• factory inspectors

Question 41

Ten Hours Act

Answer 41

reduced workday for children and women