5.3 part 2 Flashcards
The Need for Transportation in USA
- problem: LARGE country= limit economic development (transportation = expensive)
- solution: steamboat, railroad, roads, canals
- result: the usa became a SINGLE MASSIVE MARKET for the manufactured goods of the northeast
The Labor Force in USA
- there was a lot of FARM PEOPLE, so with more people in the farms, people moved out either 1) west 2) go to the factories (WOMEN and CHILDREN )
- problem later on: DECLINE in RURAL births
- solution: IMMIGRANTS replace women and children
- the women, children, and immigrants were all UNSKILLED WORKERS
- result: people invested in a CAPITAL-INTENSIVE PATTERN (invest a lot in machines that didn’t need skill to be worked on)
- comparing: britain had skilled workers, and didn’t need to use machines, and “mechanization WAS NEVER RAPID”
Effects of Industrialization in USA
- *the rich got richer, but the poorer didn’t actually get poorer (purchasing power)
- in USA, income was HIGHER than national average
- machine-made clothing was more abundant (undergarments)
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in NON INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD in RUISSA
still serfdom, rural, FEARFUL of change
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in NON INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD in INDIA
- european states that had control of foreign states, wanted to PREVENT DELIBERATELY the growth of industrialization there
- with british stuff coming in, people who made stuff were UNEMPLOYED
- then the british ONLY wanted them to EXPORT and to BUY goods
- then, NO manufacturing operation were created
The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
- population growth
- growth of cities
- new social classes: (industrial middle class, workers)
- standards of living
- efforts at change (workers, reformers, government)
Population Growth
- improvement: RECORD keeping became ACCURATE
- cause: DECLINE in birth rates
- cause for birth rates
- *INDUSTRIALIZATION DID NOT CAUSE POPULATION GROWTH
cause for decline in birth rates
- drop in deaths from famine, epidemics, war etc…
- increase in FOOD SUPPLY (agricultural revolution spreading from britain to other places)
introduction into the Great hunger
- people in industrialization were GREATER, but they were still small (“islands in agricultural sea”)
- affect: more people in countryside, less land to split up, landless peasants
background to The Great Hunger
- peasants rented from landlords, who collected rents, IN POVERTY
- the POTATO was important because could GROW MORE FOOD per acre, therefore COULD FEED A FAMILY
the great hunger
- the growth of population= potato, people marry earlier, population growth (depend on potato)
- then a blight in potato= died, emigrated
Emigration
- problem: AGRARIAN crisis
- solution: EMIGRATION (germany, ireland) and move to TOWNS and CITIES
The Growth of Cities
- cities were beginning to GROW and change (traditionally= government offices, churches commerce, 19th century = place for manufacturing and industry)
- the British population grew and so did the continent population but less dramatically
Urban living conditions in the EARLY industrial revolution
- the conditions in the cities were ALREADY BAD, but the IR made it WORSE (the wealthy lived in the SUBURBS/outer ring (individual houses), artisans and lower middle class= inner ring (small row)), workers = center (row houses).
- affect: deaths outnumbered births, they were “DEATH TRAPS”
- how do we know this: social investigations (POOR LAW COMMISSION, they were alarmed by the moral consequences : prostitution, crime, etc..)
specific conditions of early industrial revolution
- rooms: OVERCROWDED (beds)
- SANITARY CONDITIONS: horrible (waste and food in streets)
- adulteration of food (making food look good, the government DIDN’T INTERVENE)
Urban Reformers
- the “WELL-TO-DO” were scared of the MASSES BEING ORGANIZED and OVERTHROWING THE ESTABLISHED ORDER
- people like chadwick were SCARED of CHOLERA spreading to their society and were WILLING TO HELP
Chadwick
- he wanted to “eliminate poverty” in the cities so he began investigating
- after investigating, he summarized that the diseases are CAUSED by the bad stuff in the city (pollution from decomposing food, overcrowdedness, damp and filth)
- solution: supporting “a system of modern SANITARY REFORMS” (drainage, supply of war)
New Social Classes: The Industrial middle class, BOURGEOISIE
- traditionally: merchant, official, artisan, lawyer scholar
- now with TOWNSPEOPLE BUYING LAND: included people in commerce, industry, banking, professionals
New Social Classes: The Industrial middle class, EARLY entreprenuers
- had to handle a bunch of tasks instead of a team doing it
- they had to take huge RISKS (competition, investing their initial profits to more stuff, bankruptcy)
New Social Classes: The Industrial middle class, NEW entrepreunuers
- they were from DIVERSE social origins (mercantile background, *land and domestic industries were INTERDEPENDENT, apprentices)
- dissenting religious MINORITIES were part of it b/c they were they EXCLUDED from other opportunities and focused on industrial (*barclays and lloyds, quakers)
- ARISTOCRATS became entrepreneurs
Significance of Industrial Entrepreneurs
- the NEW generation (from PROFESSIONALS middle class) was REPLACING the traditional entrepreneurship
- but there were still small businesses existing and some being founded by people from HUMBLE backgrounds
- the new people got so RICH, that they started to MERGE with the LANDED elites
New Social Class: Workers in the Industrial Age
- the working class was in the *FIRST half of the 19th century a MIXTURE of groups (workers, agricultural laborers, domestic, workshops), but would become *an industrial proletariat
- in the mixture (specifically) there were artisans/craftspeople and SERVANTS
New Social Class: Workers in the Industrial Age, aristans and craftspeople
- were still big in the FIRST half of the 19th century in the city
- *they were SKILLED workers, not factory workers
- they didn’t want to lose their workshops to factories so they SUPPORTED movements against industrialization
Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class
-(mentioned earlier) *PSYCHOLOGICAL effects were when they were trying to break the old work patterns and discipline
physical conditions for industrial working class
- work hours, no security of employment, and no minimum wage
- cotton mills: hot, dirty, dusty, unhealthy
- coal mines: cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes/ *bad air
Children and Women Labor
- child labor was already used in PREINDUSTRIAL times (family economy)
- they were then used in IR because they 1) were SMALL 2) CHEAP supply of labor
- PAUPER apprentices was when orphans in parishes were sent to factories to work
- after legislation declined the number of children working, their places were taken by WOMEN
- the traditional working patterns of women STILL DIDN’T CHANGE although many women worked in factories (they still domestic servants and agricultural)
- *child and women labor represents a “continuation of PRE INDUSTRIAL kinship pattern” , and the MOVING force for this type of work was the FAMILY ITSELF (family economy)
Government interfering in child and women labor
- the government interfered with child labor and women labor, LIMITING the amount of hours they worked
- the EARLY reforms for both types of labor only applied to textile factories and mines, not SMALL WORKSHOPS
- *these reforms above broek the traditional kinship pattern and led to the NEW pattern on SEPARATION of work and home
- the government also interfered with POVERTY by established WORKHOUSES (discipline)
Standards of living
- the OVERALL standard of living improved (higher income per person)
- *wages, prices, and consumption determine the standard of living
- 1780-1850: consumption, wages and prices FLUCTUATED (more stuff bought in 1780 than 1840, 1815-1830= drop in prices, increase in wages)
- OVERPRODUCTION brought economic hardship (unemployment, *cyclical depression)
- although there was an INCREASE in wages, the living conditions were horrible for the working class (was there was improvement in standard of living?)
arguments and agreements about the EARLY stages of standards of living
- arguments: 1) people needed to invest a lot and in order to make the profits, they were LOWER wages 2) the first profits were NOT LARGE
- certainty: there was a GAP between the rich and poor
Efforts at Change: The Workers
- workers formed LABOR ORGANIZATION to gain decent wages and working conditions
- but! the combination acts OUTLAWED associations of workers, but not the TRADE UNIONS
- so trade unions started their groups and had their own goals
Combination Acts
OUTLAWED associations of workers
Trade Unions
- groups of SKILLED workers
- the trade unions goals were : 1) limit entry into the trade to preserve their OWN worker’s position 2) gain benefits from employers (selfish in a way)
- trade unions then started to STRIKE
- the government realized the mistake of the combination acts and REPEALED it
- *they then wanted to create NATIONAL UNIONS and they were influenced by OWEN’S ideas and created the *Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
- however it COLLAPSED and went back to individual trade unions
Robert Owen
he was a SOCIALIST, therefore wanted COOPERATION instead of COMPETITION
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
it was a national federation of trade unions
Luddites
- they were SKILLED crafts people in britain
- they attacked machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods
Chartism
- goal: achieve POLITICAL DEMOCRACY (universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, elimination of property qualifications for government, annual sessions of government, secret ballot)
- they wanted to put through change PEACEFULLY, but still used FORCE
- although it’s petitions didn’t go through or it didn’t want a huge change, it still showed how workers can ORGANIZE and rise TOGETHER
Reformers
efforts to improve came from OUTSIDE the ranks of working class (romantic poets)
Efforts at Change: Government
people began DOCUMENTING and DEALING with problems in the city, then as the reports were intensifying, reforms started to come through (factory acts 1802-1819, 1833, Ten Hours Act)
Factory Acts of 1802 and 1819
- limited labor for children, age limit for employment, education for children
- sadly, they only applied to cotton mills, and there was ENFORCING of it
Factory Acts of 1833
- made stronger the factory acts before and applied to textile factories too!
- factory inspectors
Ten Hours Act
reduced workday for children and women
