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IB SL Bio > 5.3 Classification of Biodiversity > Flashcards

5.3 Classification of Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carl Linnaeus originally published Systema Natura in 1758 in which he gave binomials for all species known at that time.

A

Based on physical characteristics

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2
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

two named naming system

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3
Q

Species are named:

A

Genus species

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4
Q

Species level is the smallest taxonomic group, though many subspecies are recognised

A

subspecies may potentially interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance)

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5
Q

The Prokaryotes are now divided into two domains

A

the Eubacteria and the Archaea

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6
Q

Eubacteria and the Archaea are as different from each other as either is from the

A

Eukaryote, the third domain

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7
Q

No one of these groups is ancestral to the others..

A

and each shares certain features with the others as well as having unique characteristics of its own.

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8
Q

Eubacteria

A

histones associated with DNA: absent

Presence of introns: rare or absent

structure of cell walls: has peptidoglycan

nuclear membrane: none

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9
Q

Archaea

A

histones associated with DNA: proteins similar to histones are bouded to DNA

Presence of introns: present in some genes

structure of cell walls: not made of peptidoglycan

nuclear membrane: none

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10
Q

eukaryota

A

histones associated with DNA: present

Presence of introns: frequent

structure of cell walls: not made of peptiglycan, not always present

nuclear membrane: present

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11
Q

A kingdom is the largest & most general taxon, while

A

a species is the smallest taxon and includes only 1 type of organism.

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12
Q

The smaller the taxon, the more

A

similar the organisms within it are to each other.

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13
Q

hierarchy of taxa:

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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14
Q

Natural classification groups together species that share a common ancestor from which they evolved. This is called

A

the Darwinian principle of common descent

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15
Q

It is expected that members of a group share important attributes or

A

homologous’ traits that are inherited from common ancestors.

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16
Q

Grouping together birds, bats and bees because they fly would be an artificial classification as

A

they do not share a common ancestor and evolved the ability to fly independently.

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17
Q

Convergent evolution

A

may cause distantly related species to appear superficially similar

18
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

can make closely related species appear very different

19
Q

Recent evidence from genetic studies of ribosomal RNA has shown that

A

“prokaryotes” are far more diverse than anyone had suspected.

20
Q

ribosomal RNA is

A

found in all organisms and evolves slowly so is a good way to track evolution over long time periods.

21
Q

Dichotomous keys (upcoming) can be used to

A

help identify the species. The keys can place a specimen with the most closely related species, genus, family or phyla using natural classification. To what level of classification a specimen can be placed depends on how unique it is.

22
Q

artificial classification

A

do not share a common ancestor

23
Q

advantages of natural classfication

A

Identifcation of species is easier. since new species may not have identifiable traits

Because all of the members o a group in a natural classifcation
have evolved from a common ancestral species, they inherit similar characteristics.

24
Q

A dichotomous key is a tool to

A

identify unfamiliar organisms.

25
Q

kingdom plantae

A

non vascular plants:
- Bryophytes

Vascular plants
- Filicinophytes
- Coniferophytes
- Angiospermophytes

26
Q

Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts and liverworts)

A
  • no vascular tissue
  • No roots, but structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids
  • Mosses have simple leaves and stems
  • Liverworts have a flattened thallus
  • Spores produced in capsules, which develop at the end of a stalk
27
Q

Filicinophytes (ferns)

A
  • vascular tissue
  • Roots present
  • Short non-woody stems
  • Leaves usually divided into pairs of leaflets

-Spores produced in sporangia on the underside of the leaves

28
Q

Coniferophytes (conifer shrubs and trees)

A
  • vascular tissue
  • Roots, present
  • Woody stems
  • Leaves usually narrow with a thick waxy cuticle
  • Seeds develop from ovules in female cones. Male cones produce pollen.
29
Q

Angiospermophytes (flowering plants)

A
  • vascular tissue
  • Leaves and roots variable in structure
  • Stems maybe woody (shrubs and trees)
  • Seeds develop from ovules in ovaries, inside flowers. Seeds are dispersed by fruits which develop from the ovaries.
30
Q

porifera (sponges)

A

Symmetry: none

Segmentation: none

Digestive tract: No mouth or anus

skeleton: internal spicules

Other features:
Porous
attached to rocks
Filter feeder

31
Q

cnidaria
(corals, jellyfish)

A

Symmetry: radial

Segmentation: none

Digestive tract: mouth but no anus

skeleton: soft but corals are hard

other:
Stinging cells
Tentacles

32
Q

platylhelmintha (flatworms)

A

Symmetry: bitlateral

Segmentation: none

Digestive tract: mouth only

skeleton: soft, none

other:
Flattened body

33
Q

annelida
(earthworms, leeches)

A

Symmetry: bilateral

Segmentation: very segmented

Digestive tract: mouth and anus

skeleton: internal cavity with fluid under pressure

other:
bristles often present

34
Q

Mollusca
(oyster, snails, octopus)

A

Symmetry: bilateral

Segmentation: non visible segmented

Digestive tract: mouth and anus

skeleton: have shells mostly

other:

35
Q

Arthropoda
(ant, scorpion, crab)

A

Symmetry: bilateral

Segmentation: segmented

Digestive tract: mouth and anus

skeleton: Exoskeleton, jointed appendages

other:

36
Q

Bony ray- finned fish

A

Scales

gills

no limbs (fins only)

eggs+ sperm for external fertilisation

remain in water all life

does not maintain body temp

swim bladder for buoyancy

37
Q

amphibians

A

skin moits and permeable

simple lungs, moist skin for gas exchange

4 pentadactyl limbs

4 legs when adult

eggs+ sperm for external fertilisation

larval stage in water, adult on land

does not maintain body temp

eggs in protective jelly

38
Q

reptiles

A

impermeable skin with scales

lungs with extensive folding

4 pentadactyl limbs

4 legs

sperm passed into female for internal fertilisation

females lay eggs with soft shells

teeth

does not maintain body temp

39
Q

birds

A

skin with feathers

lungswith parabronchial tubes

4 pentadactyl limbs

2 legs 2 wings

sperm passed into female for internal fertilisation

female lays eggs with hard shells

beak, not teeth

maintain constant body temp

40
Q

mammals

A

skin has follicles with hair

lungs with alveoli, ribs and diaphragm

4 pentadactyl limbs

4 legs or 2 legs and 2 wings/arm

sperm passed into female for internal fertilisation

give birth to young and feed with milk from mammary glands

teeth

maintain constant body temp

IB SL Bio (37 decks)

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