5.3 Classification of Biodiversity

Question 1

Carl Linnaeus originally published Systema Natura in 1758 in which he gave binomials for all species known at that time.

Answer 1

Based on physical characteristics

Question 2

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 2

two named naming system

Question 3

Species are named:

Answer 3

Genus species

Question 4

Species level is the smallest taxonomic group, though many subspecies are recognised

Answer 4

subspecies may potentially interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance)

Question 5

The Prokaryotes are now divided into two domains

Answer 5

the Eubacteria and the Archaea

Question 6

Eubacteria and the Archaea are as different from each other as either is from the

Answer 6

Eukaryote, the third domain

Question 7

No one of these groups is ancestral to the others..

Answer 7

and each shares certain features with the others as well as having unique characteristics of its own.

Question 8

Eubacteria

Answer 8

histones associated with DNA: absent

Presence of introns: rare or absent

structure of cell walls: has peptidoglycan

nuclear membrane: none

Question 9

Archaea

Answer 9

histones associated with DNA: proteins similar to histones are bouded to DNA

Presence of introns: present in some genes

structure of cell walls: not made of peptidoglycan

nuclear membrane: none

Question 10

eukaryota

Answer 10

histones associated with DNA: present

Presence of introns: frequent

structure of cell walls: not made of peptiglycan, not always present

nuclear membrane: present

Question 11

A kingdom is the largest & most general taxon, while

Answer 11

a species is the smallest taxon and includes only 1 type of organism.

Question 12

The smaller the taxon, the more

Answer 12

similar the organisms within it are to each other.

Question 13

hierarchy of taxa:

Answer 13

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 14

Natural classification groups together species that share a common ancestor from which they evolved. This is called

Answer 14

the Darwinian principle of common descent

Question 15

It is expected that members of a group share important attributes or

Answer 15

homologous’ traits that are inherited from common ancestors.

Question 16

Grouping together birds, bats and bees because they fly would be an artificial classification as

Answer 16

they do not share a common ancestor and evolved the ability to fly independently.

Question 17

Convergent evolution

Answer 17

may cause distantly related species to appear superficially similar

Question 18

Adaptive radiation

Answer 18

can make closely related species appear very different

Question 19

Recent evidence from genetic studies of ribosomal RNA has shown that

Answer 19

“prokaryotes” are far more diverse than anyone had suspected.

Question 20

ribosomal RNA is

Answer 20

found in all organisms and evolves slowly so is a good way to track evolution over long time periods.

Question 21

Dichotomous keys (upcoming) can be used to

Answer 21

help identify the species. The keys can place a specimen with the most closely related species, genus, family or phyla using natural classification. To what level of classification a specimen can be placed depends on how unique it is.

Question 22

artificial classification

Answer 22

do not share a common ancestor

Question 23

advantages of natural classfication

Answer 23

Identifcation of species is easier. since new species may not have identifiable traits

Because all of the members o a group in a natural classifcation
have evolved from a common ancestral species, they inherit similar characteristics.

Question 24

A dichotomous key is a tool to

Answer 24

identify unfamiliar organisms.

Question 25

kingdom plantae

Answer 25

non vascular plants: - Bryophytes Vascular plants - Filicinophytes - Coniferophytes - Angiospermophytes

Question 26

Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts and liverworts)

Answer 26

- no vascular tissue - No roots, but structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids - Mosses have simple leaves and stems - Liverworts have a flattened thallus - Spores produced in capsules, which develop at the end of a stalk

Question 27

Filicinophytes (ferns)

Answer 27

- vascular tissue - Roots present - Short non-woody stems - Leaves usually divided into pairs of leaflets -Spores produced in sporangia on the underside of the leaves

Question 28

Coniferophytes (conifer shrubs and trees)

Answer 28

- vascular tissue - Roots, present - Woody stems - Leaves usually narrow with a thick waxy cuticle - Seeds develop from ovules in female cones. Male cones produce pollen.

Question 29

Angiospermophytes (flowering plants)

Answer 29

- vascular tissue - Leaves and roots variable in structure - Stems maybe woody (shrubs and trees) - Seeds develop from ovules in ovaries, inside flowers. Seeds are dispersed by fruits which develop from the ovaries.

Question 30

porifera (sponges)

Answer 30

Symmetry: none Segmentation: none Digestive tract: No mouth or anus skeleton: internal spicules Other features: Porous attached to rocks Filter feeder

Question 31

cnidaria (corals, jellyfish)

Answer 31

Symmetry: radial Segmentation: none Digestive tract: mouth but no anus skeleton: soft but corals are hard other: Stinging cells Tentacles

Question 32

platylhelmintha (flatworms)

Answer 32

Symmetry: bitlateral Segmentation: none Digestive tract: mouth only skeleton: soft, none other: Flattened body

Question 33

annelida (earthworms, leeches)

Answer 33

Symmetry: bilateral Segmentation: very segmented Digestive tract: mouth and anus skeleton: internal cavity with fluid under pressure other: bristles often present

Question 34

Mollusca (oyster, snails, octopus)

Answer 34

Symmetry: bilateral Segmentation: non visible segmented Digestive tract: mouth and anus skeleton: have shells mostly other:

Question 35

Arthropoda (ant, scorpion, crab)

Answer 35

Symmetry: bilateral Segmentation: segmented Digestive tract: mouth and anus skeleton: Exoskeleton, jointed appendages other:

Question 36

Bony ray- finned fish

Answer 36

Scales gills no limbs (fins only) eggs+ sperm for external fertilisation remain in water all life does not maintain body temp swim bladder for buoyancy

Question 37

amphibians

Answer 37

skin moits and permeable simple lungs, moist skin for gas exchange 4 pentadactyl limbs 4 legs when adult eggs+ sperm for external fertilisation larval stage in water, adult on land does not maintain body temp eggs in protective jelly

Question 38

reptiles

Answer 38

impermeable skin with scales lungs with extensive folding 4 pentadactyl limbs 4 legs sperm passed into female for internal fertilisation females lay eggs with soft shells teeth does not maintain body temp

Question 39

birds

Answer 39

skin with feathers lungswith parabronchial tubes 4 pentadactyl limbs 2 legs 2 wings sperm passed into female for internal fertilisation female lays eggs with hard shells beak, not teeth maintain constant body temp

Question 40

mammals

Answer 40

skin has follicles with hair lungs with alveoli, ribs and diaphragm 4 pentadactyl limbs 4 legs or 2 legs and 2 wings/arm sperm passed into female for internal fertilisation give birth to young and feed with milk from mammary glands teeth maintain constant body temp