2.1: Molecules to Metabolism

Question 1

What are organic compounds?

Answer 1

carbon containing compounds
- have at least one C-H bond within molecule
- takes part in all the chemical reactions of life

Question 2

What is Urea?

Answer 2

nitrogen containing compound with relatively simple molecular structure
- compoenent of urine
- produced when excess of amino acids in body, filtered out of blood by kidnets and removed from body in urine

Question 3

How did the artificla synthesis of urea falsity vitalism?

Answer 3

proved organic compounds could be artifically produced and not only made with a “vital principal” (produced by living organisms)

Question 4

Importance of carbon atoms?

Answer 4

15th most abundant element on earth
- forms covalent bonds (strongest type of bond between atoms)
- can make 4 covalent bonds (infinite number of molescules, extremely versatile)

Question 5

What are the organic biological molecules that contain carbon?

Answer 5

charbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 6

Monomers vs polymers?

Answer 6

smaller molecules (monomers) combine together to create larger molecules (polymers)

Question 7

Carbohydrates (monomer vs polymer names)

Answer 7

monomer - monosaccharide
polymer - polysaccharide

Question 8

Proteins (monomer vs polymer names)

Answer 8

monomer - amino acids
polymer - polypeptide

Question 9

Lipids (monomer vs polymer names)

Answer 9

monomer - fatty acid, glycerol
polymer - lipid

Question 10

Nucleic acid (monomer vs polymer names)

Answer 10

monomer - nucleotide
polymer - nucleic acid

Question 11

What are function groups?

Answer 11

elements like H, O, S, N and P may attach to carbone backbone of moleciles to form these reactive “clusters”

Question 12

functional groups

Answer 12

• hydroxyl (OH)
  -amine (NH2)
  -carboxyl (COOH)
  -methyl (CH3)

Question 13

Carbohydrates general formula

Answer 13

(CH2O)x

Question 14

carbohydrates structure

Answer 14

streaight chain or ring forms (most common in nature)

Question 15

Ratio of C to H to O in carbohydrates

Answer 15

1:2:1
- glucose: C6H12O6

Question 16

ribose, alpha-glucose and beta-glucose drawing

Answer 16

n/a

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

board class of molecules that are insoluble in water (non-polar, hydrophillic)
- includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, triglycerides

Question 18

names of triglycerides

Answer 18

solid - fats (saturated)
liquid - oil (non- saturated)

Question 19

general structure for a fatty acid

Answer 19

chain or ring of carbon and hydrogen atoms + carboxylic group

Question 20

Polarity of fatty acids

Answer 20

Oxygen makes polar bond, but large chain cancels polarity

Question 21

types of fatty acids

Answer 21

saturated (no bond)
monostaurated (1 bond)
polysaturated (more than 1 bond)

Question 22

triglyceride structure

Answer 22

glyercol + 3 fatty acid chains

Question 23

phospholipid structure

Answer 23

phosphate + glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains

Question 24

steroid structure

Answer 24

4 fused hydrocarbon rings

Question 25

what are chains of amino acids called?

Answer 25

polypeptides

Question 26

generalized amino acid structure

Answer 26

amino group + side chain + carboxyl group

Question 27

funtions of proteins

Answer 27

• contractile, reception, structural, hormonal, storage, enzyme, transport, protection

Question 28

structure of proteins and orientation

Answer 28

amine and acid groups could be at opposite ends, R side chain at top, bottom or side depending on orientation

Question 29

how do amino acids link?

Answer 29

via peptide bonds

Question 30

shape of proteins

Answer 30

unique 3-D shape after undergoing complex folding

Question 31

nucleic acids types

Answer 31

• deoxyribonucleic acid
• ribonucleic acid

Question 32

what are nucleic acids made of

Answer 32

made from chains of nucleotides that consist of phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base covalently bonded together

Question 33

DNA contains

Answer 33

deoxyribose sugar

Question 34

RNA contains

Answer 34

ribose sugar

Question 35

generalized nucleotide structure

Answer 35

phosphate group + sugar + nucleotide

Question 36

Which organic molecules foes not contain N

Answer 36

proteins contain C, H, O and N
lipids and carbs contain all but N

Question 37

What organic molecules contain sulfur

Answer 37

many proteins contain sulfur while lipids and carbs do not

Question 38

ratio of H:O atoms in carbs

Answer 38

2:1 ratio
- sucrose C12H22O11

Question 39

what molecules has much less oxygen than carbohydrates

Answer 39

lipids
- ex, oleic acid (C18H34O2)

Question 40

what is metabolism?

Answer 40

sum of all reactions that happen in a organism
- pathways where one type of molecules transforms into another in a series of small steps
-require enzymes who are biological catalysts

Question 41

anabolism?

Answer 41

builds molecules by making bonds (ie proteins and carbs)
- forms macromolecules by condensation reactioms

Question 42

catabolism?

Answer 42

breaks down molecules by breaking bonds (ie. digestion)
- hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

Question 43

condensation reaction?

Answer 43

• two molecules of glucose form into maltose creating a glycosidic bond
• a ribosome condenses two amino acids into a dipeptide creating a peptide bond

Question 44

hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 44

• a protese hydrolyses a dipeptitde into two amino acids, breaking the peptide bond
• lactase hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose, breaking the glycosidic bond

Question 45

properties of carbon atoms that give them large range of stable compounds?

Answer 45

they can form 4 covalent bonds

Question 46

meaning of cellular metabolism?

Answer 46

all ezyme catalyzed chemical reactions taking place inside the cell