5.2 repiration Flashcards
what are the 4 steps of respiration
glycolysis
the link reaction
krebs cycle
the electron transport chain
respiration equation
6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
5 steps of glycolysis and how much ATP was net gains
- Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from ATP, creating 1 molecule of glucose phosphate and 1 molecule of ADP
- ATP is the used to add a phosphate forming hexose biphosphate
- Hexose biphosphate is then split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate
- Triose phosphate is oxidised (loses hydrogen) forming 2 separate molecules of pyruvate
- NAD collects the hydrogen ions from the oxidised triose phosphate forming 2 reduced molecules of NAD
4 ATP are produced but 2 were used in stage one and two so there is a net gain of 2
3 products from glycolysis and where they go
2 NADH - To oxidise phosphorylation (ETC)
2 ATP (net gain) - used for energy
2 pyruvate - the the link reaction (actively transported)
where does glycolysis happen
cytoplasm of the cell
where does the link reaction heppen
the matrix of the mitochondria
3 steps of the link reaction
1.pyruvate is decarboxylated in the form of CO2
2. at the same time it is oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to form NADH
3. acetate is combined with the coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
No ATP is produced
3 products from the link reaction and where they go
2 acetyl CoA - to Krebs cycle
2 CO2 - breathed out
2 NADH - to ETC
where does the Krebs cycle happen
the matrix of the mitochondria
3 steps of Krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA from the link reaction combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
CoA goes back to the link reaction - The 6C citrate compound is converted to a 5C compound from decarboxylation and is oxidised producing NADH
- The 5C molecule is converted to a 4C molecule through again decarboxylation and oxidation forming FAD and 2xNADH
6 products from krebs cycle and where they go
6x reduced NAD - ETC
2x reduced FAD - ETC
2x Acetyl CoA - Back to next link reaction
4x CO2 - released as waste product
2x ATP - used for energy
2x Oxeloacetate - back to the start of Krebs cycle
where does oxidative phosphorelation happen
in the cristae
ETC part 1 - NAD and FAD split (2 steps)
- hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD and reduced FAD. They become oxidised to NAD and FAD.
Th hydrogen ions split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-) - The electrons move along the ETC which I made up of three electron carrier. As the electrons move into carrier 1 it reduces it and then leaves leaving 1 oxidised and 2 becoming reduced losing energy at each carrier
ETC part 2 - protons into intermembrane space (2 steps)
- The energy that is lost as the electrons moved along ETC is used by electron carriers, electron carriers pump protons from matrix into the inter membrane space
- the concentration of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix, forming an electrochemical gradient
ETC final part - prions through ATP synthase (3 steps)
- Protons can move down the electrochemical gradient back across the inner membrane and into the matrix via ATP synthase
- The movement of protons through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate called chemiosmosis
- In the matrix at the end of the transport chain the protons, electrons and oxygen (from the blood) combine to form water
oxygen is said to be the final electron acceptor
