1.1 carbohydrates

Question 1

define monosaccharides

Answer 1

single monosaccharides not chemically bonded to anything else.

Question 2

define disaccharides

Answer 2

two monosaccharides chemically bonded together

Question 3

define polysaccharide

Answer 3

many monosaccharides chemically bonded together.

Question 4

what is the formula of monosaccharides

Answer 4

(CH2O)n

Question 5

what is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 5

add water to form molecules

Question 6

what is a condensation reaction

Answer 6

remove water to form molecules.

Question 7

what is the difference between α and β glucose.

Answer 7

the H and OH on C1 are inverted.

Question 8

define isomers

Answer 8

two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and have different properties

Question 9

what is the reaction called to bond two α-glucose =

Answer 9

condensation reaction

Question 10

what is the bond called between two monosaccharides

Answer 10

glycosidic bond (1-4)

Question 11

what are the three main disaccharides and what forms them.

Answer 11

glucose + glucose –> maltose
fructose + glucose –> sucrose
Galactose + glucose –> lactose

Question 12

what are the 4 main roles of starch

Answer 12

1. It is insoluble and large
2. it is compact
3. it can form alpha glucose when hydrolysed
   4.the branded form has many ends.

Question 13

why is starch being insoluble and large good

Answer 13

it does not diffuse out of cells, and doesn’t affect water potential.

Question 14

why is starch being compact good

Answer 14

it can be stored in a small space

Question 15

why is starch forming alpha glucose when hydrolysed good

Answer 15

alpha glucose is both easily transported and readily used in respiration.

Question 16

why is starch’s branched form good

Answer 16

all the ends can be reacted on by enzymes simultaneously meaning glucose is released rapidly.

Question 17

starches structure

Answer 17

alpha glucose
the straight chain is folded into helix
there is also branched

Question 18

starches main function

Answer 18

storage of glucose in plants

Question 19

how does starches structure link to function

Answer 19

it can fit into smaller spaces providing more energy

Question 20

what is celluloses structure

Answer 20

beta glucose
straight unbranched chain
the molecules run parallel and are cross linked by hydrogen bonds
grouped to form microfibrils.

Question 21

what is celluloses function

Answer 21

strength and support

Question 22

how does celluloses structure link to function

Answer 22

straight unbranched chains provide strength along with the hydrogen bonds cross linking it.
the fibres from the microfibrils provide further strength.

Question 23

what is glycogens structure

Answer 23

α glucose and spiral/branched chain.
it is similar structure to starch however has more chains an is more highly branched

Question 24

what Is glycogens function

Answer 24

storage of glucose in animals

Question 25

how does glycogens structure link to function

Answer 25

its branches mean it can fit into smaller spaces

Question 26

which stores glucose in animals and which stores glucose in plants (starch and glycogen)

Answer 26

starch = plants
glycogen = animals

Question 27

what is glycogens 3 main roles

Answer 27

1. insoluble
2. compact
3. more rapidly broken down to more glucose monomers as it is more highly branched than starch

Question 28

why is glycogen being insoluble good

Answer 28

as it will not affect the water potential and draw water into the cells by osmosis

Question 29

why is glycogen being compact good

Answer 29

it can be stored into small spaces

Question 30

why is glycogen having more branched ends good

Answer 30

so al its ends can be acted on simultaneously by enzymes

Question 31

why does glycogen need more branched ends than starch

Answer 31

as glycogen works on animals which have a higher metabolic rate than plants as they are more active so will need glycogen to be broken down into glucose quicker