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5.2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define excretion?

A

Removal of metabolic waste from the body.

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2
Q

Define Metabolic waste?

A

Excess substances from metabolic reactions which can be toxic.

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3
Q

What are the main excretory products of the body?

A
  • Carbon dioxide from respiration.
  • Urea from metabolic reactions.
  • Bile pigments in faeces.
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4
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

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5
Q

What is the hepatic artery?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the aorta into the liver. The oxygen is very important as the hepatocytes are very active in metabolic processes which require energy in the form ATP which is provided through respiration hence the need for oxygen.

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6
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the digestive system which is rich in the products of digestion. The concentrations of substances are unbalanced and may also contain toxic compounds. The liver rebalances the concentrations.

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7
Q

What is the hepatic vein?

A

Blood from the liver leaves and enters the vena cava to be circulated around the body.

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8
Q

What is the bile duct?

A

The bile duct is made up of many canaliculi and transports bile produced in the liver to the bile duct. Bile aids the digestion of fat and contains the waste product bilirubin which leaves the body through faeces.

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9
Q

Define the nephron.

A

Functional unit of the kidney.

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10
Q

Define ultrafiltration.

A

Filtration of blood at a molecular level under pressure.

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11
Q

What is the outer, inner and centre of the kidney described as?

A

Outer: Cortex
Inner: Medulla
Centre: pelvis leading to the ureter

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12
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A knot of capillaries from the renal artery surrounded by the bowman’s capsule.

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13
Q

Explain how and why blood pressure is kept very high in the glomerulus.

A

Blood is kept at high pressure through entering through an afferent arteriole and exiting through an efferent arteriole.

The blood is kept at high pressure in order to make sure that the pressure is higher than the pressure of the lumen of the bowman’s capsule allowing substances to diffuse out of the blood.

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14
Q

What is the endothelium of the capillary?

A

This is the outer layer of the capillary that has narrow gaps between each endothelial cells. These gaps contain pores called fenestrations allowing for blood plasma and the substances to pass out the capillaries.

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15
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Membrane consists of a fine mesh of glycoproteins and collagen fibres. This stops any molecule with a molecular mass greater than 69,000 from leaving the capillary. Most proteins and all red blood cells should remain in the capillary.

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16
Q

What is the epithelial cells of the bowman’s capsule.

A

Podocyte’s are specialised cells that have finger-like projections which have major processes that have minor/foot processes. The keep the bowman’s capsule cells away from the endothelium of the capillary allowing space for blood plasma to pass through gaps in endothelium and into the lumen of bowman capsule.

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17
Q

What is filtered out of the blood?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Water
  • Glucose
  • Urea
  • Inorganic ions
18
Q

Why is important that proteins stay in the blood?

A

Water potential of blood will be kept very low allowing water to be reabsorbed.

19
Q

How is the proximal convoluted tubule adapted to reabsorb?

A
  • Cell wall facing both the capillaries and lumen of the PCT is highly folded into microvilli increasing surface area for diffusion.
  • Cell wall facing capillary has sodium/potassium pump pumping sodium out and potassium in.
  • Cell wall facing lumen of PCT has a special co-transporter protein which transport glucose and amino acids in association with sodium ions.
20
Q

Explain the process of reabsorption in the PCT?

A

1) Sodium ions actively pumped out of the cell wall.
2) Concentration of sodium ions create a concentration gradient.
3) Sodium ions diffuse into the cell with an amino acid or glucose molecule with a co-transporter protein.
4) Water from lumen diffuse into cell wall via osmosis.
5) Amino acids/glucose diffuse out of cell into capillary followed by water as the capillary of water potential falls.

21
Q

How is water reabsorbed?

A

1) Sodium and chloride ions diffuse into descending limb and water diffuse out via osmosis.
2) When moving from the loop of Henle to ascending limb there is diffusion of chloride and sodium ions out of the nephron.
3) In the ascending limb the ions still present are actively pumped out.
4) This causes tissue in the medulla to observe a drop in water potential and therefore at the collecting duct water diffuses out.

22
Q

Define osmoregulation.

A

The control of water potential in the body.

23
Q

Define osmoreceptor.

A

Receptors that detect changes in the water potential of blood.

24
Q

What is an anti diuretic hormone?

A

ADH is a hormone which affects cell wall permeability.

25
Q

What three sources does the body gain water from?

A
  • Drink
  • Food
  • Metabolic processes (respiration)
26
Q

When is ADH high?

A

When body wants to conserve water.

27
Q

When is ADH low?

A

When body wants to expel water.

28
Q

What happens when ADH high in blood?

A
  • Bind with cell surface receptors
  • Enzyme controlled reactions cause aquaporin’s to fuse with
  • More water reabsorbed
29
Q

What happens when ADH low in blood?

A
  • Surface membrane invaginate’s creating vesicles that removed the aquaporin’s.
  • Less water is re absorbed
30
Q

How is ADH manufactured, stored and released?

A

ADH is manufactured in cell body in hypothalamus.
They move down the axon to the terminal bulb of the posterior pituitary gland where it is stored in vesicles.

When water potential of blood is low the osmoreceptor cell shrinks as water diffuses out and sends an action potential down the axon to the neurosecretory cells causing ADH to be released via exocytosis.

31
Q

Define Glomerular filtration rate?

A

Rate at which fluid enters the nephron.

32
Q

Define monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies made up of one type of cell and complimentary to a specific cell.

33
Q

What is renal dialysis?

A

Method of artificially regulate concentration of blood using dialysis fluid.

34
Q

What can cause dialysis fluid?

A
  • Diabetes mellutis
  • Heart disease
  • Infection
  • Hypertension
35
Q

What is the process of haemodialysis?

A

Blood from artery passed into tube made up of dialysis membrane surrounded by dialysis fluid in a counter current system to increase rate of diffusion.

Needs to be done one or twice a week and uses heparin to avoid blood clotting.

36
Q

What is the process of peritoneal dialysis?

A

Dialysis fluid injected into abdomen (peritoneum) and then drained out after. The fluid is dialysis fluid and fills up the space between abdominal wall and organs.

Requires monitored diet and allows person to walk around.

Can be carried out at home or work.

37
Q

What is another name for peritoneal dialysis?

A

Ambulatory PD

38
Q

What are the advantages of a kidney transplant?

A
  • No need for renal dialysis (time-consuming)
  • Fitter feeling
  • Better self image
  • Improved quality of life (travel)
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of a kidney transplant?

A
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Side effects of drugs
  • Can be rejected
  • Major surgery with general anaesthesia.
  • Requires check ups
40
Q

What hormone is produced during pregnancy?

A

hCG which is called humane chronic gonadotropin which is produced when a human embryo sets in the uterine lining.

hCG is a small glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 36,700 which can be found in the urine few days after conception.

41
Q

How is the hCG tested?

A

Stick is dipped into urine.

The hCG binds to monoclonal antibodies with a blue bead which will move to a fixed location.

Those who do not bind to anything move to a different location in order to show that test works.

42
Q

What are anabolic steroid and how are they tested for?

A

They are small molecules with a half life of 16 hours which can remain in the blood for many days.

Can be tested using urine and gas chromatography.

Bio (19 decks)

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