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Bio > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Tuberculosis and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Kills cells and tissues
  • Affects many parts of body but mostly the lungs

Organism that causes disease:

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • M. bovis
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacterial Meningitis and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Infection of the meninges
  • These are the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord
  • They become swollen putting pressure on brain and nerves (cause damage)

Organism that causes disease:

  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Ring Rot and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Ring of decay in vascular tissue of potato tubers and tomato
  • Leaf wilting

Organism that causes disease:
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of HIV/AIDS and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Attacks cells in immune response
  • Compromises immune system

Organism that causes it:
- Human immunodeficiency virus

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of influenza and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Attacks respiratory system
  • Causes headaches and fever

Organism that causes disease:
- from family Orthomyxoviridae

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Tobacco mosaic virus and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Causes Mottling
  • Discolouration

Organism that causes disease:
- tobacco mosaic virus

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Black Sigatoka and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:
- Leaf spots on banana plants reducing yield

Organism that causes disease:
- Mycosphaerella fijiensis

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Blight and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:
- affects leaves and potato tubers

Organism that causes disease:
- Phytophthora infestans

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Ringworm and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Growth of fungus underneath skin
  • Spore cases grow erupt through skin causing rash

Organism that causes disease:
- Trichophyton verrucosum

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of athletes foot and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Growth under skin of feet
  • Particularly between toes

Organism that causes disease:
- Trichophyton rubrum

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Malaria and the organism which causes it?

A

Characteristics:

  • Parasite in blood causing headache and fever
  • May progress to coma and death

Organism that causes disease:

  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • P. vivax
  • P. ovale
  • P. malariae
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12
Q

How does a cellulose cell wall act as a defender against pathogens?

A
  • Physical cell wall barrier

- Chemical defences activated

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13
Q

How does lignin thickening of cell walls act as a defence against pathogens?

A
  • Indigestible
  • Waterproof
  • Phenolic compound
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14
Q

How does the waxy cuticle act as a defence against pathogens?

A
  • Stop water from collecting on leaf surfaces
  • Pathogens collect in water and need it to survive
  • Absence of water is a passive defence
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15
Q

How does bark act as a defence against pathogens?

A
  • contain chemical response that are toxic to pathogens.
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16
Q

How does atonal closure act as a chemical defence?

A
  • If pathogen is present guard cells close as stomata is an entry point for pathogens
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17
Q

How does callose act as a defence against a pathogen?

A
  • Large polysaccharide deposited around seive plates

- Blocks flow through seive tube elements of pathogens.

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18
Q

How does tylose act as a defence against pathogens?

A
  • Ballon-like swelling or projection that blocks phloem tube

- Stopping flow of phloem tube prevents spread of pathogens

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19
Q

How does the cell wall carry out active defence?

A

Cell wall becomes strengthened and thickened with more cellulose.

20
Q

How does callose carry out active defence?

A
  • Callose is deposited between membrane and cell wall at points where pathogens have entered to stop further entry
  • Strengthen cell wall
  • Block plasmodesmata
21
Q

How does respiratory burst act as active defence?

A

Oxidate bursts of reactive oxygen molecules damage pathogens.

22
Q

What are terpenoids and their function in the active defence?

A
  • Essential oils with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties
  • May create scent such as menthols and menthone’s in mint plants
23
Q

What are Phenols and their function in the active defence?

A
  • Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties
  • Tannins found in bark inhibit attack by insects
  • Tannins bind to salivary proteins of insects, deactivating trypsin and chymotrypsin
  • If lots are consumed insect can not grow and will die
  • Preventing spread of pathogens
24
Q

What are alkaloids and their function in the active defence?

A
  • Nitrogen-containing compounds
  • Give bitter taste to herbivores
  • Affect metabolic reactions through activating and inhibiting enzymes
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Decrease grazing can decrease damage where by pathogens can enter
25
Q

What are defensive proteins (defensins) and their function in the active defence?

A
  • Small cystine-rich protein with anti-microbial properties.

- Bind to pathogen membrane inhibiting ion transport channel.

26
Q

What are hydrolytic enzymes and their function in the active defence?

A
  • Found in space between cells
  • Chitinase -> digests chitin in found in fungal cell wall
  • Glucanase -> hydrolyses glycosidic bonds in glucan
  • Lysozymes -> capable of degrading bacterial cell walls
27
Q

What is necrosis and their function in the active defence?

A
  • Deliberate cell suicide.
  • Kill cells to save plants
  • Cells around infected area killed to stop pathogen access to nutrients and water
  • Occur from activation of enzymes due to injury
  • Destroy damaged cells -> black spots on leafs.
28
Q

What is canker and its function in the active defence?

A
  • Sunken necrotic lesion in woody tissue

- Death of cambium tissue in bark

29
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Swelling or redness of tissue caused by infection.

30
Q

What ih mucous membrane?

A

Specialised epithelial tissue covered by mucus.

31
Q

What is the primary defence?

A

The defence mechanisms that stop pathogen from entering the body.

32
Q

What is the process of keratinisation?

A

Epidermis (outer layer) of skin made up of keratinocytes.

1) Mitosis at base of epidermis
2) Migration from base to surface
3) Dry out and cytoplasm becomes replaced with keratin
4) Takes 30 days (keratinisation)
5) Once they reach skin surface they are dead cells

33
Q

How does blood clotting and skin repair function?

A

Blood clotting:

  • 12 clotting factors and calcium ions
  • Clotting factors released by damaged cells or tissue
  • Clotting factors activate enzyme cascade

Scab:

  • Once clot formed it drys and becomes a scab
  • Scab shrinks pulling sides of skin together forming temporary seal

Skin repair:

  • Fibrous collagen deposited under neath scab
  • Mitosis at base of epidermis divide and migrate to ends of cut where they differentiate to form new skin
  • New blood vessels grow to supply new tissue with blood and nutrients
  • Tissues contract drawing edges together
  • Scab is then released
34
Q

Explain structure of mucous membrane and how it prevents disease.

A
  • Epithelium consists of mucus secreting goblet cells
  • Mucus secreting glands under epithelium
  • Epithelium also has cilia
  • Cilla are tiny hair-like organelles that can move
  • Cilia move mucus to top of trachea into oesophagus
  • Mucus swallowed passing into digestive system
  • Stomach acidity (pH 1-2) denatures pathogen enzyme
  • Found also in gut, genital areas, nose, anus and ears
35
Q

How does coughing and sneezing prevent disease?

A
  • Areas prone to attack are sensitive
  • Areas respond to irritation caused by presence of micro organisms
  • Response to irritation
    • Coughing
    • Sneezing
    • Vomiting
  • Coughing/sneezing causes sudden expulsion of air carrying micro organism out of body.
36
Q

How does inflammation occur and how does it fight disease?

A
  • Infected area symptom = red & swollen (hot & pain)
  • Presence of micro organisms detected by mast cells
  • Mast cells produce signalling molecule histamine
  • Histamine causes vasodilation
  • Vasodilation makes capillary wall more permeable to WBC’s
  • WBC’s enter tissue fluid, increasing production of tissue fluid
  • Increased tissue fluid can cause oedema (swelling)
  • Excess fluid drained into lymph system
  • Lymphocytes come into contact with pathogen stimulating immune response.
37
Q

How does the eye act as a primary defence?

A
  • Eyes coated with antibodies

- Tears have enzymes

38
Q

How does the ear act as a primary defence?

A
  • Wax lining ear canal traps pathogen
39
Q

How does the vagina act as a primary defence?

A
  • Mucus plug in cervix maintaining relatively acidic environment.
40
Q

What is an antigen presenting cell?

A

Isolates antigen of pathogen placing it on special membrane complex so that it can be recognised by other cells

41
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Selection of B and T lymphocytes specific to pathogens.

42
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

hormone like signalling molecule used to stimulate immune response

43
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins or glycoproteins specific to every cell

44
Q

Describe the structure and nature of neutrophils.

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Short live, but abundant
  • Travel in blood, squeezed out into tissue fluid
  • Mature in bone marrow
  • Dead neutrophils build up in area of infection forming pus
45
Q

Describe the action of a neutrophil.

A

1) Neutrophil binds to antigen bound to antigen of pathogen
2) Neutrophil engulfs via endocytosis forming phagosome
3) Lysosome fuses with phagosome releasing lytic enzymes
4) Useful components absorbed into cell

Bio (19 decks)

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