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Bio > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the factors that affect exchange system?

A
  • Size
  • Surface area to volume ratio
  • Level of activity
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2
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny folds of lung epithelium to increase surface area.

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3
Q

What are bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Airways leading into lungs.

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4
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A
  • Muscles between ribs, hold them together.

- Contraction of external intercostal muscles raise rib cage

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5
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Airway from lung to mouth.

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6
Q

Define ventilation.

A

Refreshing air in lungs so that there is higher oxygen concentration than in the lungs and lower carbon dioxide concentration.

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7
Q

Describe the alveoli.

A
  • Small, 100-300mm across
  • Layer of moisture evaporated when exhale
  • Surfactant in internal surface to avoid cohesive forces between water molecules
  • Once cell thick (squamous)
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8
Q

What occurs during inspiration (inhaling)?

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and becomes flattened
  • External muscles contract raising rib
  • Chest cavity expands
  • Chest cavity pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
  • Air is moved out of lungs
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9
Q

What occurs during expiration (exhaling)?

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes being pushed up
  • External intercostal muscles relax causing rib to fall
  • Internal muscles can also contract to force air out
  • Chest cavity decreases in size
  • Pressure in lungs increases and rises above atmospheric pressure
  • Air is moved out of lungs
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10
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Form of connective tissue

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11
Q

What is ciliated epithelium?

A

Layer of cells with hair like extensions called cilia

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12
Q

What is elastic fibres?

A

Protein fibres can deform, then recoil to original size

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13
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus

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14
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary muscles that contracts without need for conscious thought.

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15
Q

Effective airways must be?

A
  • Large enough to allow sufficient air to flow without obstruction
  • Supported to prevent collapse when air pressure inside is low during respiration
  • Flexible to allow movement
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16
Q

What is structure of trachea and bronchi?

A
  • Bronchi narrower over trachea
  • Cartilage
  • C ring to allow flexibility and space for food to pass
17
Q

What is the structure of bronchioles?

A
  • Narrower then bronchi
  • Some have cartilage
  • Mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  • Smallest bronchiole is alveoli
18
Q

Effect of smooth muscle contraction and how it relaxes?

A

Muscle contraction changes lumen of blood vessel constricting air flow

Elastic muscles become deformed

Elastic muscles recoil, taking original shape in order to relax smooth muscle.

19
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute

20
Q

What is oxygen uptake?

A

Volume of oxygen absorbed by lungs per minute

21
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath, starting from rest

22
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

a device that measure movement of air into and out of lungs

23
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Greatest volume of air that can be expelled after taking deep breath

24
Q

What are features of a spirometer?

A
  • Chamber of air or medical grade oxygen floating on a tank of water
  • Inspiration draws air in causing lid to fall and vice versa
  • Datalogger
  • Air rich in carbon dioxide is absorbed by soda lime
25
Q

Precautions that must be taken when using spirometer?

A
  • Subject must be healthy and free of asthma
  • Soda lime should be fresh
  • No air leaks
  • Mouthpiece sterilised
  • Water chamber not overfilled
26
Q

What factors affect vital capacity?

A
  • Size of a person (height)
  • Age and gender
  • Level of regular exercise
27
Q

What causes increased oxygen uptake?

A
  • Increased breathing rate

- Deeper breaths

28
Q

What is buccal cavity?

A

The mouth

29
Q

What is counter current flow?

A

Two fluids flowing in opposite direction.

30
Q

What are filaments?

A

Slender branches of tissue that make up gill

Primary lamellae

31
Q

What is operculum?

A

Tiny bony flap covering and protecting gills.

32
Q

What is a spiracle?

A

An external opening or pore that allows air in and out of tracheae

33
Q

What is tracheal fluid?

A

Fluid found at end of tracheoles in tracheal system.

34
Q

What is tracheal system?

A

System of air-filled tubes in an insect

35
Q

Describe structure of filaments?

A
  • Two rows of gill filaments
  • Primary lamellae attached to bony arch
  • Filaments are thin and fold into secondary lamellae
36
Q

How does ventilation occur in bony fish?

A
  • Buccal cavity is able to change volume
  • Buccal cavity floor falls drawing water into buccal cavity
  • Mouth closes, buccal cavity floor moves up, pushing water through gills
  • Operculum moves in accordance to buccal cavity movement in order to reduce pressure and allow water to flow through
37
Q

How does ventilation occur in insects?

A
  • Air enters via spiracle
  • Transported via series of tubes called trachea
  • Trachea lead to tracheoles which have tracheal fluid
  • Air diffuses into tracheole fluid
38
Q

What is effect of high activity on tracheal fluid?

A

Tracheal fluid decreases to shorten diffusion distance

39
Q

How do larger insects ventilate?

A
  • Tracheal system has flexible walls that act as air sacs which can be squeezed using flight muscles. Constant expansion and contraction of sacs ventilate tracheal system
  • Movements of insects alter volume of thorax. Low thorax volume puts pressure on air in tracheal system forcing air out and vice versa
  • Locust alter volume of abdomen to control breathing

Bio (19 decks)

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