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Year 1 biology > 5.1.4 Hormonal Communciation > Flashcards

5.1.4 Hormonal Communciation Flashcards

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1
Q

how does the endocrine system communicate with cells
5.1.4(a)

A

releases hormones into the blood which have an effect on cells with the receptor to that complementary hormone.

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2
Q

what are the 2 different types of hormones
5.1.4(a)

A
  1. Protein and peptide
  2. Steroid hormones
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3
Q

How to protein and peptide hormones work
5.1.4(a)

A

Protein and peptide hormones are globular proteins that are therefore soluble in water due to the hydrophilic R groups pointing outwards this allows them to dissolve in the blood and be transported throughout the body
proteins are not able to dissolve in the phospholipid membrane because they are polar molecules they therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane of a target cell they bind to a cell surface receptor and cause the production of the second messenger inside the cell.

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4
Q

how to steroids work
5.1.4(a)

A

Steroids are nonpolar and lipid soluble so they are able to dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer and diffuse from the blood into the cell site plasm the receptors are intracellular (inside the target cell)
Steroid hormones bind intracellular receptors the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to sites on chromatin increasing the transcription of certain genes.

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5
Q

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine
5.1.4(a)

A

Endocrine relates to glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood

exocrine secrets products into a duct rather than into the blood directly

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6
Q

What are target cells
5.1.4(a)

A

if they possess the complementary receptor for a particular hormone they can respond to it

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7
Q

what types of messenger are peptide hormones
5.1.4(a)

A

first messengers

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8
Q

explain how a peptide hormone works
5.1.4(a)

A

-peptide hormone binds to a receptor
-G-coupled protein on the intracellular surface is activated
-the G-coupled protein activates an effector molecule (adenyl cyclase) which converts and inactive molecule into the active second messenger eg-cAMP

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9
Q

What are adrenal glands an example of
5.1.4(b)

A

Adrenal glands are an example of an endocrine gland

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10
Q

Describe the layers of the adrenal gland
5.1.4(b)

A

Outer adrenal cortex and Inner adrenal medulla
Both regions produce different hormones which are secreted directly into the blood

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11
Q

What two hormones are secreted from the inner adrenal medulla
5.1.4(b)

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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12
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline and noradrenaline
5.1.4(b)

A

Peptide hormone so the bind to a cell receptor causing the production of a second messenger inside the target

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13
Q

What is the role of adrenaline
5.1.4(b)

A

Increase heart rate and blood pressure
pupil dilation

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14
Q

What are the three hormones located by the outer adrenal cortex
5.1.4(b)

A

Mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
Precursor androgens

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15
Q

what is the role of mineralocorticoids
5.1.4(b)

A

regulates balance of water and ions eg-sodium and potassium to control blood pressure
eg-aldosterone

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16
Q

What is the role of Glucocorticoids
5.1.4(b)

A

Regulates metabolism

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17
Q

what is an example of a glucocorticoids
5.1.4(b)

A

Cortisol which is released in response to stress or low blood glucose it causes hepatocytes to produce glucose from stored glycogen

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18
Q

what is the role of precursor androgens
5.1.4(b)

A

Reproduction
eg-oestrogen or testosterone

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19
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas
5.1.4(C)

A

It secrets pancreatic juices containing enzymes into the pancreatic duct where it then leads to the small intestine

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20
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
5.1.4(C)

A

Secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

21
Q

Which enzymes does the fluid in the pancreatic duct contain
5.1.4(C)

A

Pancreatic amylase
Trypsinogen
Lipase

22
Q

What is pancreatic amylase
5.1.4(C)

A

a carbohydrase which digest amylose into maltose

23
Q

What is trypsinogen
5.1.4(C)

A

An inactive precursor of trypsin

24
Q

What is lipase
5.1.4(C)

A

Hydrolyses lipid molecules

25
Q

in the pancreas what do islets of Langerhans contain
5.1.4(C)

A

Alpha and beta cells

26
Q

What do alpha cells secrete
5.1.4(C)

A

Glucagon

27
Q

what do beta cells the secrete
5.1.4(C)

A

insulin

28
Q

Histology of a pancreas
5.1.4(C)

A

In booklet

29
Q

what is the name for when blood glucose concentration drops too low and what does this do to cells and tissues
5.1.4(D)

A

Hypoglycemia This reduces the delivery of glucose to body tissues and the brain soil that these tissues cannot respire and produce ATP

30
Q

What is the name for when blood glucose concentration becomes too high and how does this affect the water potential of the blood
5.1.4(D)

A

Hyperglycaemia
When blood glucose concentration becomes too high the water potential of the blood will decrease so water will move out of cells

31
Q

Which cells in the pancreas detect the blood glucose concentration
5.1.4(D)

A

Cells in the islets of Langerhans

32
Q

What are the two types of cells in the islets of Langerhans And what do they secrete and when
5.1.4(D)

A

Alpha and beta cells
If blood glucose is too low alpha cells release glucagon
if blood glucose is too high beta cells release insulin

33
Q

Explain how Beta cells control insulin secretion
5.1.4(D)

A
  1. When concentration of glucose is high glucose enters beta cells by facilitated diffusion
  2. Glucose respires to produce ATP
  3. ATP causes K+ channels to close so K+ can’t leave the cell and the cell membrane becomes depolarised
  4. Depolarization causes Ca 2+ Channels to open and Ca 2+ enter the cell
  5. insulin is then released by exocytosis
34
Q

what occurs once insulin is released
5.1.4(D)

A

Once insulin is released it binds to complementary receptors on cells throughout the body. This causes vesicles to increase the amount of channels proteins present on the cell membrane. This increases the amount of glucose that can enter through facilitated diffusion. Therefore decreasing blood glucose.

35
Q

what happens once insulin binds to liver cells
5.1.4(D)

A

When insulin binds to liver cells it also activates enzymes which help convert glucose into glycogen. This is called glycogenesis. This also further decreases blood glucose concentration

36
Q

what happens once blood glucose is returned to its normal level
5.1.4(D)

A

There’s a reduction in the release of insulin

37
Q

What happens when alpha cells release glucagon
5.1.4(D)

A

When alpha cells release glucagon it binds to the cell surface membrane of liver cells outside the cell. Once bound it activates enzymes that converts glycogen to glucose in a process known as glycogenolysis
And enzymes that convert glycerol/amino acids to glucose in a process known as gluconeogenesis.
This new glucose diffuses into the blood via facilitated diffusion increasing blood glucose
When blood glucose returns to its normal level it causes a reduction in the release of glucagon.

38
Q

what is glycogenolysis
5.1.4(D)

A

Once bound it activates enzymes that converts glycogen to glucose in a process known as glycogenolysis

39
Q

what is gluconeogenesis
5.1.4(D)

A

And enzymes that convert glycerol/amino acids to glucose in a process known as gluconeogenesis.

40
Q

what type of hormone is insulin
5.1.4(D)

A

peptide so binds to cell surface receptor on the outside of target cells as it cannot cross the plasma membrane

41
Q

What is type one diabetes
5.1.4(e)

A

When B cells are unable to release insulin in response to high blood glucose concentrations

42
Q

What type of condition is type one diabetes
5.1.4(e)

A

Autoimmune condition where the B cells are targeted by the body’s immune system

43
Q

What are the current treatments for type one diabetes
5.1.4(e)

A

Insulin injections after meals to remove glucose from their blood
Pancras transplant however it is not a permanent cure as the immune system may attack the new pancreas it needs to be combined with immunosuppressants

44
Q

What is type two diabetes
5.1.4(e)

A

When the receptor on the insulin target cells stops responding to it this is called insulin resistance as a result of this the blood glucose concentration cannot be reduced
or when pancreas cannot produce enough insulin

45
Q

how can we treat type 2 diabetes
5.1.4(e)

A

-consuming a low carb diet
-regular exercise

46
Q

how did we used to produce insulin
5.1.4(f)

A

pancreas of pigs/cows that had been slaughtered

47
Q

what are the negatives of how we used to produce insulin in the past
5.1.4(f)

A

-expensive
-could cause an allergic reaction as its not specific to the insulin receptor

48
Q

how is insulin now made
5.1.4(f)

A

-from GM bacteria that had the insulin gene inserted. They transcribe and translate this gene and produce human insulin
-collect totipotent stem cells and stimulate them to differentiate into B cells

49
Q

what is an advantage to the way we now produce insulin
5.1.4(f)

A

-less likely to cause an allergic reaction
-produced in higher quantities and much cheaper
-no ethical or religious concerns

Year 1 biology (25 decks)

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