4.2.1 biodiversity Flashcards
what is habitat biodiversity
4.2.1(a)
the range of habitats in which different species live
species richness vs evenness
4.2.1(a)
richness-the number of species living in an area
evenness-relative abundance of each species in an area)
what is genetic biodiversity
4.2.1(a)
genetic biodiversity is the genetic variation between individuals belonging to the same species
what causes genetic biodiversity
4.2.1(a)
genetic biodiversity occurs when there is more than one possible allele for a gene locus
what do you do once you place the quadrat
4.2.1(b)
count organisms or calculate percentage cover
what are some examples of non-random sampling
4.2.1(b)
-systematic
-stratified
-opportunistic
what is systematic sampling
4.2.1(b)
line-every plant touching the tape measure is counted
belt-a quadrat is placed at fixed intervals
what is stratified sampling
4.2.1(b)
-dividing a habitat into areas that appear different
-propotionate number of quadrats that appear in each area
-quadrats are placed randomly
what is opportunistic sampling
4.2.1(b)
researcher deliberately decides to sample an area that contains a certain species
-can be used to capture data
what is random sampling
4.2.1(b)
-place 2 tape measures
-random-number generator generates co ordinates for quarat
collecting samples of live animals
4.2.1(b)
look in booklet
what is sweep netting
4.2.1(b)
walking through a habitat with a net. Insects will become caught in the net. They are then emptied onto a white sheet for investigation. However, they may fly away
what is tree beating
4.2.1(b)
place a white cloth under the tree. Beat it with a stick and collect the insects that fall out
what is a pooter
4.2.1(B)
using to suck animals into a chamber so they cant fly away
what is a pitfall trap
4.2.1(b)
a trap is set in the soil and the rim is level with the ground surface. Animals fall in and are trapped a cover may be used to protect the small animals from predators
what is a tullgren funnel
4.2.1(b)
the soil sample is placed in a funnel above the container with a light bulb above it. The light bulb gently heats the soil which means the animals move away from the heat into the container
what is kick sampling
42.1(b)
the river bank/bed is kicked for a long period of time a net is held downstream to capture any organisms released into the flowing water
what is species biodiversity
4.2.1(e)
both species richness and eveness need to be measured
what does having higher species and biodiversity mean for the ecosystem
4.2.1(c)
the higher the species biodiversity the better the ecosystems can cope with changes as multiple ecosystems fulfil similar roles
what does Simpsons index of biodiversity measure
4.2.1(d)
species biodiversity
how is species richness measured
4.2.1(D)
by identifying all the different species present
how is species eveness measured
4.2.1(D)
counting individuals of all different species
what is n in simpons index of biodiversity
4.2.1(d)
the number of individuals of a particular species
what is N in simpons index of biodiversity
4.2.1(d)
total number of all individuals of all species
what is a polymorphic locus
4.2.1(e)
a gene locus with more than one possible allele present in the population
where will alleles be found in the gene locus
4.2.1(e)
The alleles will be found at the same locus in each person but the base sequence present at the locus will be slightly different.
what is genetic biodiversity a measure of
4.2.1(e)
genetic biodiversity is a measure of the number of different alleles for each gene locus
how do you calculate genetic biodiversity
4.2.1(e)
proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of gene loci samples
when two different populations are compared what should be a controlled variable
4.2.1(e)
the gene loci used
when two different populations are compared what should be as large as possible
4.2.1(e)
the number of individuals sampled and the number of loci used
how should the individuals sampled be chosen
4.2.1(e)
randomly
what are the 5 factors affecting genetic biodiversity
4.2.1(e)
genetic bottleneck
founder effect
natural selection
genetic drift
mutations
what is genetic bottleneck
4.2.1 (e)
an event occurs that reduces the population size
the number of alleles for each gene locus decreases and the individuals carrying the allele die
the surviving population reproduce
the only alleles that were present in the surviving bottleneck population are passed onto the new population
what is founder effect
4.2.1(e)
number of individuals break off from the original population and start a new population. The only alleles present in the new population were those that were are those that were present in the founding individuals
what is natural selection
4.2.1(e)
beneficial alleles are advantageous so they are passed/reproduction on increasing there proportion frequency in the population
what is genetic drift
4.2.1(e)
random loss of alleles because by chance they are not passed onto offspring
what is mutations
4.2.1(e)
changes to a base sequence at a gene locus which would result in a new allele. So mutations increases genetic biodiversity
what are 3 factors affecting biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
-human population growth
-agriculture
-climate change
how does habitat destruction destroy biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
the land is now used for agriculture
decreasing the wild habitat decreases the population which lowers biodiversity
how are human affecting biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
i) learnt to use the environment to our advantage
ii) altered the ecosystem to provide ourselves food.
iii) we destroy habitats🡪 reduce biodiversity
iv) we are using more of the Earth’s resources.
v) polluting the atmosphere
how does monoculture destroy biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
rainforests with huge genetic biodiversity are cut down are replaced with one genetically identical crop which reduces genetic biodiversity
how does selective breeding destroy biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
farmers select the most desirable traits overtime the genetic biodiversity of the animal decreases
how does climate change destroy biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
species will not be able to survive in there current climate so will go extinct
how does tourism increases biodiversity
4.2.1(f)
tourists will travel to areas that have interesting species. The money from these tourists can fund conservation efforts which maintains high biodiversity in the area
Ecotourism
what are keystone species
4.2.1(g)
species that are critical to the functioning of the habitat without them the habitat would cease to exist
what are some genetic resources these plants could contain
(ecological reasons)
4.2.1(g)
wild plants/animals may contain alleles that allow them survive in challenging conditions -these alleles could be cross-bred or genetically engineered into plants
potential new medicines so they could help develop a new pharmaceutical product
what are 3 economic reasons to preserve biodiversity
4.2.1(g)
- discovery of medicines that can be patented and sold
- growth of timber, food and fuel
If the soil is subjected to continuous monoculture then they become less and less fertile. As a result the agricultural yield declines. The crops take minerals out of the soil. The crop is harvested and mineral ions are removed from the ecosystem. When monoculture is grown then the plants always take the same minerals. The effect of soil depletion is seen🡪 turns into dust🡪 dust is carried away by the wind. Leaving an area of infertile land.
what are two aesthetic reasons to maintain biodiversity
4.2.1(g)
- provides inspiration for creative persuits and is good for mental health and wellbeing
- studies have shown that green spaces increases rate of recovery after medical procedures and enriches our life
what is in situ conservation
4.2.1(h)
conservation of species within there natural habitat
what is legislation
4.2.1(h)
pass laws thats stop activities such as hunting, logging and clearing land
what is a wildlife reserve
4.2.1(h)
designated for conservation of habitats and species
how doesn’t conservation exclude all human activity
4.2.1(h)
many areas are populated by indigenous people and have been living sustainibly
how can you rebuild biodiversity that was once present
4.2.1(h)
new habitats can be created and old ones restored
-reintroduction of species
what are marrine conservation zones
4.2.1(h)
areas that protect a range of nationally important, rare or threatened marine habitats and species
what are 3 advantages of in situ conservation
4.2.1(h)
- plants and animals are conserved in there natural environment which can help to maintain genetic biodiversity
- provides permenant protection of ecosystem
- allows sustainable use of habitats eg-for indigenous species
what are 3 disadvantages of in situ conservation
4.2.1(h)
- populations may have already lost much of its genetic biodiversity
- the condtions that caused the habitats/ species to become endangered may still be present
- the area can attract poachers and ecotourists who can cause disturbance
what is ex situ conservation
4.2.1(h)
conversing endangered species outside there natural habitat
what are zoos
4.2.1(h)
concentrate on captive breeding of endangered species and conduct research that could benefit endangered species
what are 3 benefits of zoos
4.2.1(h)
-modern technology eg-IVF can aid reprodction of captive animals
-population size can be increases through captive breeding
-zoos can be used as education sites and to help raise money for conservation
what are 3 disadvantages of zoos
4.2.1(h)
-captive animals may be too stressed to breed
-captive populations are small so will have poor genetic biodiversity
-offspring may not be able to surive reintroduction to the wild
what is a botanic garden
4.2.1(h)
a zoo for plants
what are 3 advantages of botanic gardens
4.2.1(h)
-plants are easier to conserve as they can be grown from seeds and seeds can be collected in large numbers without disturbing population
-captive-bred plants can be replanted in the wild
what are 3 disadvantages of botanic gardens
4.2.1(h)
-the public may not be as enthusiasic about plants as animals so may not be able to raise funds
-collected seeds may not have a representative level of genetic diversity
-cloning plants will reduce genetic diversity of the population
what are seed banks
4.2.1(h)
collection of seed samples
advantages of seed banks
4.2.1(h)
-seeds can remain viable for decades so storing seed samples can safeguard against extinction
-plants grown from seeds can be used for habitat restoration
-if seeds are gathered from different areas in a habitat then genetic diversity will be high
disadvantages of seed banks
4.2.1(h)
-seed storage requires low temperatures and moisture levels which are expensive to maintain
-must be checked at regular intervals to ensure they remain viable
what are 2 international conservation schemes
4.2.1(i)
CITES
CBD
what is the aim of CITES (The convention on international trade in endangered species of wild Fauna and Flora)
4.2.1(i)
-restrict trade for endangered species
what is CBD (Rio convention on biological diversity)
4.2.1(i)
enforces strategies to conserve, protect and enhance biodiversity
what is an example of a local conservation scheme and aims
4.2.1(i)
countryside stewardship schemes
Payments were given to farmers to enhance and conserve E English landscapes
