5.1 Social Ecological, Communication, Planning and Evaluation Theories Flashcards
Ecological Theories and Model
- Focus on interaction between individual and ecosystem (environment)
Communication Theories
- Focus on manners and patterns of the spread of information and ideas
Planning and Evaluation Models
- Distinguished by emphasis on community contexts
Ecological Theories and Models
- Interactions between person and ecosystem
- Family, community, culture, physical environment
Social Ecological Model (SEM)
- Interrelationship between organism and environment
- Health is affected by complex physical and social environmental factors and core individual behaviors
- Health promotion targets environmental change to facilitate behavior change
Salutogenic Theory (ST)
- Focuses on health and how to enhance well being rather than risk factors for disease
- Combines cognitive, behavioral, and motivational constructs
Communication Theories (Diffusion of Innovation)
- Explains the spread of new ideas in a population
- Diffusion of a new idea depends on the innovation itself, the social system, the available channels of communication, and the opinion leaders to spread the information.
- In order for health promotion (new idea) to be adopted, it needs to offer an advantage, be consistent with values and needs, capacity for experimentation, and observable (capacity to produce results).
- Advantage
- Compatible
- Triable
- Observable
- Opinion leaders are very useful in getting something implemented
Planning and Evaluation Models-
- Used for community and not individual
- Helps guide community needs, planning, implementation, and evaluation
- Helps researchers in measuring effectiveness of health promotion programs.
PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL (PPM)
- Guides development of health education programs
- Assesses health needs of the community and guides to develop and evaluate the intervention
PROPOSITIONS - Health and health risks have multiple determinants
- Efforts to change behavioral, environmental, and social factors must be multidimensional
PRECEDE
P - Predisposing R - Reinforcing E - Enabling C - Constructs E - Educational D - Diagnosis E - Evaluation
PRECEDE 5 Steps
ASSESSMENT
- Social Assessment
- Epidemiologic Assessment (Identify Health Determinants)
- Behavioral/Environmental Assessment
- Educational/Ecological Assessment
- Administrative/Policy Assessment
PROCEED
P - Policy R - Regulatory O - Organizational C - Constructs E - Educational E - Environmental D - Development
PROCEED 5 Steps
IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION 6 - Implementation 7 - Process Evaluation 8 - Impact Evaluation 9 - Outcome Evaluation
PPM Weaknesses
- Costly and time intensive
- Does not focus on intervention development
Health Promotion Model (Nola Pender)
- Based on behavioral science perspective but fear or threat is not a motivator for change
- Individuals regulate their own behavior
- Behavior is rational and economical
- Individuals engage in behavior that will result in positive outcome
BASED ON 3 AREAS DESCRIBED NEXT
Individual Characteristics and Experiences
- Prior related behavior is predictive of future behavior
- Personal Factors such as biological, psychological, socio-cultural are of varying importance in predicting certain behavior.
- These shape behavior cognition and affect
Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affects
PRIOR RELATED BEHAVIORS
- Perceived benefits of action - Anticipated positive outcomes that will come from health behavior
- Perceived barriers to action - Barriers to change
- Perceived Self Efficacy - Do I have the capability to implement a health promoting behavior. Higher efficacy results in lower perception of barriers.
- Activity Related Affect - Positive/Negative feelings that occur before/during/after behavior. The more positive the feeling the more efficacy
PERSONAL FACTORS
- Interpersonal Influences - Expectation of others, social support and modeling, families, peers, healthcare providers
- Situational Influences - Perceptions of a situation and influence behavior. Perceptions of options available, features of the environment of the health program.
Behavioral Outcomes
- Commitment to plan of action - Leads to implementation of healthy behavior
- Competing demands - Alternative behaviors that individuals have low control over (work or family responsibilities)
- Competing Preferences - Behaviors people have high control over such as peach or candy for a snack
Health Promoting Behavior - Action directed towards achieving positive outcome.
Penders Model Nursing Interventions
- Raising consciousness
- Re-evaluating Self (would I like myself better if I)
- Setting goals for change
- Promoting Self-Efficacy
- Enhancing the benefits of change (gather baseline data)
- Using cues to promote change (can be negative or positive)
- Managing barriers to change
