5- use of biological resources Flashcards
what conditions can be manipulated in a greenhouse to increase photosynthesis
Artificial heating (enzymes controlling photosynthesis can work faster at slightly higher temperatures - only used in temperate countries such as the UK)
Artificial lighting (plants can photosynthesise for longer)
Increasing carbon dioxide content of the air inside (plants can photosynthesise quicker)
Regular watering
polythene tunnels
More commonly called polytunnels, these are large plastic tunnels that cover crops
They can protect crops grown outside from the effects of the weather, including excessive wind, rain and extreme temperatures
They also increase the temperature slightly inside the tunnel
They can prevent the entry of pests that can damage plants or diseases that can kill plants
fertilisers
fertilisers increase the amount of key nutrients in the soil for crop plants, meaning that they can grow larger and are more healthy, which increases yields
pesticides
these chemicals kill off unwanted insects and weed species, meaning that there is less damage done to crop plants by insects, as well as reducing competition from other plant species, which increases yields
how can fertiliser increase crop yield
Fertilisers are used to replace these mineral ions
They can make crops grow faster and bigger so that yields are increased
Fertilisers can be in the form of organic fertiliser or chemical fertiliser
Organic fertilisers commonly used by farmers include farmyard manure and compost
Chemical fertilisers are often applied to the soil as dry granules or can be sprayed on in liquid form
They mainly provide crop plants with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium:
using pest control to increase crop yields
Pests such as insects and other animals can damage crops by eating them
Weeds can outcompete crop plants for space, water and soil nutrients
Fungi can infect crop plants and spread disease which can affect growth and yield
All of these can be controlled by using pesticides (chemical control) or by introducing other species (biological control)
advantages of pesticides
easily accessible and cheap, have an immediate affect, kills entire population of pests
disadvantages of pesticides
organisms they are meant to kill can develop resistance to kill them, they sometimes kill beneficial organisms, need to be rapidly applied
biological control
Can happen naturally – for example, ladybirds eat aphids
Usually, a species is introduced specifically to prey on the pest species – for example, parasitic wasps can control whitefly in glasshouse tomato crops
As they are based on a predator-prey cycle, they do not completely remove a pest, but keep it at lower levels
advantages of biological control
no pollution, no resistance, can target specific species, long lasting, doesn’t need to be applied rapidly
disadvantages of biological control
may eat other organisms instead of pests, takes longer, can’t kill entire population, may not adapt to new environment, may become a pest
yeast is
a single celled fungus that can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
how is bread made
When yeast carries out anaerobic respiration, it produces an alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide
Yeast will respire anaerobically if it has access to plenty of sugar, even if oxygen is available
This is taken advantage of in bread making, where the yeast is mixed with flour and water
The yeast produces enzymes that break down the starch in the flour, releasing sugars that can then be used by the yeast for anaerobic respiration
The carbon dioxide produced by the yeast during anaerobic respiration is trapped in small air-pockets in the dough, causing the dough to rise (increase in volume)
The dough is then baked in a hot oven to form bread
During baking, any ethanol produced by the yeast (as a waste product of anaerobic respiration) is evaporated in the heat
This is why bread doesn’t contain any alcohol
The yeast is killed by the high temperatures used during baking
This ensures there is no further respiration by the yeast
Once cooled, the bread is ready to be eaten
anaerobic respiration in yeast
Yeast can respire anaerobically (without oxygen), breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation
Fermentation is economically important in the manufacture of bread (where the production of carbon dioxide makes dough rise) and alcoholic drinks (as ethanol is a type of alcohol)
It is possible to investigate the effect of temperature on yeast fermentation, by seeing how temperature affects the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
apparatus needed to investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions
Boiling tubes Capillary tubes Bungs Yeast Sugar solution Oil Stopwatch Water bath Limewater