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biology gcse > ❤️‍🔥2- transport > Flashcards

❤️‍🔥2- transport Flashcards

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1
Q

where does the exchange of substances occur

A

across the cell membrane

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2
Q

unicellular organisms have

A

very large surface areas in comparison to their volumes this means that the distance between the surface of the organism to its centre is very small

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3
Q

unicellular organisms do not need to have

A

specialist exchange surfaces or transports systems as processes such as diffusion, osmosis and active transport through the cell membrane occur at a sufficient rate to meet the organisms needs

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4
Q

large multicellular organisms like humans have

A

relatively small surface areas in comparison to their volumes so the distance between the surface of the organism to its centre is relatively long

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5
Q

exchange surfaces in animals include

A

the lungs and alveoli for gas exchange, the small intestine and villi for absorption of digested foods

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6
Q

transport systems in animals include

A

the blood and circulatory systems carries the necessary substances around the body

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7
Q

exchange surfaces in plants include

A

roots and root hairs where mineral ions and water are absorbed, the leaves for gas exchange

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8
Q

transports systems in plants include

A

the xylem moves water and mineral ions from roots to shoots, the phloem moves sugars and amino acids to where they are needed in the plant

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9
Q

the roots, stem and leaves form a

A

plant organ system for the transport of substances around the plant

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10
Q

plants also possess

A

two specialist transport vessels called the xylem and phloem

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11
Q

the xylem and phloem are arranged

A

throughout the root, stem and leaves in groups called vascular bundles

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12
Q

xylem vessels transport

A

water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves

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13
Q

xylem key structural features

A

-it is composed of dead cells which form hollow tubes, xylem cells are strengthened by lignin and so are adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration system

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14
Q

phloem vessels transport

A

food materials (mainly sucrose and amino acids) made by the plant from photosynthesising leaves to non photosynthesising regions in the roots and stem, this means that they can be in any direction around the plant

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15
Q

phloem key structural features

A

the cells are living cells and not hollow, substances move from cell to cell through pores in the end walls of each cell

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16
Q

blood consists of

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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17
Q

over half the volume of blood consists of

A

plasma

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18
Q

the majority of the other half of blood consists of

A

red blood cells

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19
Q

a small fraction of blood consists of

A

white blood cells and platelets

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20
Q

red blood cells

A

biconcave discs containing no nucleus but plenty of the protein haemoglobin

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21
Q

white blood cells

A

large cells containing a big nucleus, different types have slightly different structures and functions

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22
Q

platelets

A

fragments of cells

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23
Q

plasma

A

straw coloured liquid

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24
Q

red blood cells are

A

specialised cells which carry oxygen to respiring cells

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25
Q

red blood cells are adapted to function in 3 key ways-

A

they are full of haemoglobin a protein that binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin, they have no nucleus which allows more space for haemoglobin to be packed in, the shape of the red blood cell is described as a biconcave disk- this gives them a large surface area to volume ratio to maximise diffusion of oxygen in ad out

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26
Q

plasma is

A

a straw coloured liquid with other components of blood are suspended within

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27
Q

plasma is important for

A

the transport of many substances

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28
Q

substances plasma transports

A

carbon dioxide- the waste product of respiration, dissolved in the plasma as hydro carbonate ions and transported from respiring cells to the lungs
digested food and mineral ions- dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body
urea- the waste substance produced in the breakdown of proteins by the liver. urea is dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys
hormones- chemical messengers released into blood from endocrine organs and delivered to target tissues/organs of the body
heat energy- created in respiration, heat energy is transferred to the coolest parts of the body or skin where heat can her lost

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29
Q

white blood cells are part of the bodies

A

immune system

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30
Q

types of white blood cell

A

phagocytes, lymphocytes

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31
Q

phagocytes carry out

A

phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

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32
Q

phagocytes have

A

a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells. once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes to digest it

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33
Q

lymphocytes produce

A

antibodies

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34
Q

antibodies are

A

Y shaped proteins with a shape that is complementary to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. this is a specific type of immune response as the antibodies will only fit one type of antigen on a pathogen

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35
Q

antibodies attach

A

to the antigens and cause agglutination, this means pathogenic cells can’t move very easily and at the same time chemicals are released that signal to phagocytes that are cell present that need to be destroyed

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36
Q

lymphocytes also produce

A

antitoxins to neutralise toxins released by pathogens

37
Q

an organism has immunity when they

A

have sufficient levels of antibodies to protect it from a particular disease and as a result don’t suffer from the disease or its symptoms

38
Q

response to infection

A

1) the pathogen enters the blood stream and multiplies
2) a release of toxins and infection of body cells causes symptoms in the patient
3) phagocytes that encounter the pathogen recognise that it is an invading pathogen and engulf and digest
4) eventually the pathogen encounters a lymphocyte which recognises its pathogens
5) the lymphocyte starts to produce specific antibodies to combat that particular pathogen
6) the lymphocyte also clones itself to produce lots of lymphocytes (all producing the specific antibody required)
7) antibodies cause agglutination of pathogens
8) phagocytes engulf and digest the agglutinated pathogens
9) after the patient has recovered they retain antibodies specific to the disease as well as memory cells
10) if the patient encounters the same pathogen again it will trigger the secondary immune response
11) memory cells can produce much larger quantities of that required antibody in a much shorter time to fight off the pathogen before the patient suffers any symptoms

39
Q

the heart organ is a

A

double pump

40
Q

oxygenated blood from the lungs enter

A

the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body (systemic circuit)

41
Q

the left ventricle has a

A

thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle because it has to pump blood at a high pressure around the whole body

42
Q

deoxygenated blood from the body enters

A

the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)

43
Q

the right ventricle

A

pumps blood at a lower pressure to the lungs

44
Q

a muscle wall called the

A

septum separates the two sides of the heart

45
Q

blood is pumped towards

A

the heart in veins and away from the heart in arteries

46
Q

the coronary arteries supply

A

the cardiac muscle tissue od the heart with deoxygenated blood

47
Q

as the heart is a Muscle it needs a

A

constant supply of oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration to release energy to allow continued muscle contraction

48
Q

valves are present to

A

prevent blood flowing backwards

49
Q

the pathway of blood to the heart

A

deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows through the vena cava and into the right atrium. the atrium contracts and the blood is forced through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. the ventricle contracts and the blood is pushed through the semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. the blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place. oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. the atrium contracts and forces the blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. the ventricle contracts and blood is forced through the semilunar valve and out through the aorta

50
Q

low pressure blood floe on the left side of the heart prevents

A

damage to the capillaries in the lungs

51
Q

heart rate is measured by

A

counting the number of times a heart beats a minute

52
Q

the heart pumps blood around the body in order to

A

supply oxygen and glucose to respiring cells

53
Q

the blood removes

A

waste products from respiring cells

54
Q

during exercise

A

the cells of the muscles respire more rapidly in order to provide energy for muscle contraction

55
Q

an increase in respiration means

A

an increase in requirement for oxygen and glucose as well as an increase in production of waste products that need to be removed

56
Q

the nervous system responds to an increase in respiration by

A

increasing heart rate to deliver oxygen and glucose and remove waste products more frequently. the volume of blood being pumped out also increases to deliver bigger quantities of oxygen and glucose

57
Q

production of adrenaline

A

increases heart rate as part of a ‘fight or flight’ response

58
Q

at the end of a period of exercise

A

the heart rate may remain high for a period of time as oxygen is required in the muscles to break down the lactic acid from anaerobic respiration- this is how oxygen debt is payed off

59
Q

the time taken for the heart rate to return to rest is called

A

the recovery time

60
Q

fitness affect resting heart rate

A

a physically fit person will have a lower resting heart rate and a shorter recovery time compared to an unfit person

61
Q

cardiac muscle cells need a supply of blood to

A

deliver oxygen and glucose and to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide

62
Q

in coronary heart disease

A

layers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries, these fatty deposits are mainly formed of cholesterol.

63
Q

sources of cholesterol in the body

A

dietary cholesterol and cholesterol synthesised by the liver

64
Q

what if the coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits

A

it loses its elasticity and can’t stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through every time the heart contracts

65
Q

the flow of blood through arteries is reduced due to fatty deposits clogging the coronary artery, which results in

A

a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

66
Q

partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates

A

a restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina

67
Q

complete blockage of coronary arteries means

A

cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire aerobically, leading to a heart attack

68
Q

treatment of coronary heart disease

A

either increasing the width of the lumen of the coronary arteries using a stent or prescribing statins to lower blood cholesterol

69
Q

obesity affect on coronary heart disease

A

carrying extra weight puts a strain on the heart and extra weight can lead to diabetes which further damages your blood vessels

70
Q

high blood pressure increase of coronary heart disease

A

high blood pressure increases the force of blood against the artery walls and consequently leads to the damage of the vessels

71
Q

high cholesterol increase of coronary heart disease

A

high cholesterol speeds up the build up of fatty plaques in the arteries leading to blockages

72
Q

smoking increase of coronary heart disease

A

chemicals in smoke cause an increase in plaque build up and an increase in blood pressure. carbon monoxide also reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells

73
Q

three main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

74
Q

smaller vessels that branch off from arteries are called

A

arterioles (small arteries)

75
Q

smaller vessels that branch into veins are called

A

venules

76
Q

artery key features

A

carry blood at high pressure away from the heart, carry oxygenated blood, have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres, have a narrow lumen, blood flows through at fast speed

77
Q

structure of artery adapted to its function by

A

thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres withstand the high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through. a narrow lumen also helps to maintain high pressure

78
Q

key features of veins

A

carry blood at low pressure towards the heart, carry deoxygenated blood, have thin walls, have a large lumen, contain valves, blood flows at a slow speed

79
Q

the structure of a vein adapted to its function by

A

a large lumen reduces resistance to blood flow under low pressure, valves present the back flow of blood as it is under low pressure

80
Q

capillaries key features

A

carry blood at low pressure within tissues, carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, have walls that are one cell thick, have ‘leaky’ walls, speed of blood flow is slow

81
Q

structure of capillary is adapted to its function by

A

they have walls that are on cell thick so there is a short diffusion distance, the ‘leaky walls’ allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells

82
Q

as arteries get further away from the heart

A

they divide more and get narrower

83
Q

the narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called

A

arterioles

84
Q

veins get narrower the

A

further away they ar from the heart

85
Q

the narrow walls that connect the capillaries to veins are called

A

venules

86
Q

circulatory system blood vessels to heart

A

deoxygenated blood is carried away from the heart and towards organs in arteries. these narrow to arterioles and then capillaries as they pass through the organ. in the organs, respiring cells use up the oxygen from the blood, the capillaries widen to venules and finally veins as they move away from the organs. veins carry deoxygenated blood back towards the heart.

87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A

biology gcse (13 decks)

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