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biology gcse > 2- cell structure > Flashcards

2- cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material in chromosomes which controls how the cell works and grows
controls cell division

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • supports cell structures
  • site of many chemical reactions
  • contain water and many solutes
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3
Q

cell membrane

A
  • holds cell together

- controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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4
Q

chloroplasts

A

-site of photosynthesis

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5
Q

vacuole

A
  • contains cell sap
  • used for storage of certain material
  • also helps support the shape of the cell
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6
Q

mitochondiria

A

-site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for the cell

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7
Q

what does the amount of mitochondria depend on?

A

cells with higher metabolism will have more mitochondria

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8
Q

ribosomes

A

-site of protein production in protein synthesis

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9
Q

vesicles

A

-used to safety transport substances from. one part of the cell to another

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10
Q

an animal cell contains-

A

nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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11
Q

a plant cell contains-

A

nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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12
Q

cell wall

A

gives the cell extra support and defines the shape

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13
Q

when a cell differentiates…

A

it develops a structure and composition of subcellular structures which enables the cell to carry out a certain function

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14
Q

what happens to the multicellular organisms when they develop?

A

their cells differentiate to form specialised cells

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15
Q

in an animal most cells differentiate…

A

at an early stage of development so as a result the animal cells lose their ability to differentiate early in the life of the organism

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16
Q

undifferentiated cells are called

A

adult stem cells

17
Q

what do adult stem cells do?

A

replace and repair cells

18
Q

plants differentiate…

A

throughout their whole lives not just the early stages of development

19
Q

specialised cells are

A

those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions

20
Q

what are specialised cells controlled by?

A

genes in the nucleus

21
Q

cells specialise by undergoing

A

differentiation

22
Q

differentiation

A

process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions

23
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of dividing to produce many more cells of the same type

24
Q

meristem cells

A

cells in plants that can differentiate into the cells needed by the plant in regions where growth is occuring

25
Q

modern science means its possible to grow..

A

human embryos in the lab and extract embryonic stem cells from them

26
Q

modern science made embryonic stem cells can be encouraged to…

A

differentiate into most type of specialised cells

27
Q

there is potential for scientists to use stem cell technology to..

A

repair damaged organs by growing news tissues from stem cells

28
Q

how can stem cells help diabetes (type 1)

A

stem cells could be differentiated into insulin- producing pancreatic cells which are transplanted into the patients body

29
Q

where can scientists get stem cells

A

stem cell donors or therapeutic cloning

30
Q

how can stem cells help paralysis

A

stem cells could be differentiated into nerve cells (neurones) which are transplanted into the damaged region of the nervous system

31
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

32
Q

benefits of using stem cells in medicine

A
  • great potential to treat a wide variety of diseases

- organs developed from patients own stem cells would decrease risk of rejection and the wait of organ donation

33
Q

risks/issues of using stem cells in medicine

A
  • stem cells made in a lab could be infected with a virus and that could be transmitted to patient
  • cultured stem cells could accumulate mutations which can lead to the development of cancer cells
  • low numbers of stem cell doners
34
Q

social issues of using stem cells in medicine

A
  • lack of evidence of the success of stem cells
  • stem cells can be collected pre birth (from amniotic fluid) or after birth (umbilical cord) and stored in clinic but this is expensive
35
Q

ethical issues of using stem cells in medicine

A
  • stem cells may be sourced from unused embryos in IVF treatment but is it right to use them? when does life begin?
  • is it right to make embryos through therapeutic cloning and then destroy them? who owns them?
  • should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights? or as a commodity?

biology gcse (13 decks)

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