5. The Urinary System Flashcards
at what point does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
12th thoracic vertebral level
at what point does the inferior vena cava (IVC) pass through the diaphragm?
8th thoracic verterbral level
Origination of the common iliac artery
abdominal aorta
what does the common iliac artery supply? (2)
lower limb
pelvis
name of poles on kidney
superior and inferior
name of curved outer surface of kidney
lateral surface
which is longer, right or left renal vein?
left
where do the renal veins originate from?
IVC
describe the positioning of the IVC to the aorta
IVC is to the right and anterior to aorta
Where does the renal vein branch?
at the kidney hilum
where does the right gonadal vein drain into?
IVC
where does the left gonadol vein drain into?
left renal vein
where does the gonadal vein originate from?
gonads
Name of gonadal vein in females
ovarian vein
Name of gonadal vein in males
testicular vein
where does the renal artery originate from?
abdominal aorta
where does the renal artery branch off the aorta?
L1-2
which is the most posterior structure on the kidney?
renal pelvis
structure extending from renal pelvis
ureter
role of renal pelvis
collects urine from kidneys
how to differentiate between R and L kidney
anteriorly, the right is C shaped
outer section of crosssectional kidney
cortex
inner section of cross sectional kidney
medulla
name of collecting ducts in kidney
minor calyx
what do minor calyx join up to
major calyx
name of protuding parts of the cortex into the medulla
renal columns
what do the renal pyramids contain
nephrons
role of nephrons
absorb water and produce urine
where are suprarenal glands
superior to kidneys
name of 3 muscles nearby kidney
- psoas major
- quadratus lumborum
- Iliacus
which muscle lies directly beneath the kidneys
psoas major
where does the psoas major originate from
lumbar regions of thoracic vertebrae
which is more superior, the quadratus lumborum or the iliacus?
quadratus lumborum
where does the quadratus lumborum originate from?
12th rib
where does the quadratus lumborum extend to?
iliac crest
which muscle sits next to the iliac fossa?
iliacus
name of muscle that joins iliacus and psoas major
iliopsoas
function of iliopsoas
flexor of thigh at hip joint
how many nerves does the kidney sit on?>
3
name all 3 nerves, superior to inferior
- subcostal nerve
- iliohypogastric nerve
- ilioinguinal nerve
which nerve orginates from the 12th spinal cord segment?
subcostal nerve
where do the other 2 nerves originate from?
L1 spinal cord segment
are all these nerves somatic or autonomic?
somatic
sensory innervation from…
surrounding skin
motor innervation from…..
muscles of anterior lateral abdominal wall
what does the common iliac artery bifurcate into and state the position of these
external iliac artery (L)
internal iliac artery (R)
at what point does the ureter enter the pelvis
the birfurcation of the common iliac artery
are adrenal glands part of the urinary system?
no
the kidneys are retroperitoneal, what does this mean?
behind the peritoneum
why is the right kidney lower than the left?
liver
which ribs does the right kidney lie on?
12th
which ribs does the left kidney lie on?
11th and 12th
what is perinephric fat?
fat around renal corpuscle
what is paranephric fat?
fat posterior to the kidney
where in the kidney are renal corpuscles?
renal cortex
what is a renal sinus?
a cavity which contains the: renal pelvis calyx renal blood vessels nerves
which structures unite to form the ureteric pelvis?
major calyces
what structures make up the renal hilum, anterior to posterior?
- renal vein
- renal artery
- ureter
what is an accessory renal artery?
extra renal arteries
origin of accessory renal artery
aorta
which veins drain into the left renal vein? (2)
- left gonadal vein
2. left suprarenal vein
Medical term for inflammation/infection of the kidney
pyelonephritis
symptoms of pyelonephritis
fever, sickness, back pain
what can pyelonephritis cause?
kidney failure, septicaemia
medical term for kidney stones
renal calculus
what can kidney stones cause blockage of
ureter and urethra
symptoms of kidney stones
blockes bladder, severe abdomen pain
what is a nephrostomy?
opening between the kidney and skin - inserting a tube so the urine enters an external bag
when are nephrostomies perfomes?
blood clot, kidney stones, blocked ureter
what 2 organs are the suprarenal glands in contact with?
kidney and diaphragm
how many arteries supply each adrenal gland?
3
why are adrenal glands highly vascularised?
endocrine gland - excrete hormone into the blood stream
Name the 3 arteries that supply the adrenal glands
superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
origin of the superior suprarenal artery (2)
inferior phrenic artery - aorta
origin of the middle suprarenal artery
aorta
origin of the inferior suprarenal artery (2)
renal artery - Aorta
where does the right suprarenal vein drain into?
IVC
where does the left suprarenal vein drain into?
left renal vein
what type of muscle is in the ureter
smooth muscle
what type of epithelia lines the ureter?
transitional
where does the ureter carry urine to and from?
kidneys to bladder
which joint is posterior to the common iliac artery?
sacro-iliac joint
Name of ureter soon as it leaves the kidney
renal pelvis
where does the abdominal ureter span from
renal pelvis to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery
what is the name of the ureter when it enters the interal sphincter of the urinary bladder
pelvic ureter
where does the intravesical ureter span to and from
urinary bladder to the urethra
what crosses the ureter in males?
vas deferens
what crosses the ureter in females?
uterine artery
blood supply to upper ureter
renal artery
blood supply to middle ureter (2)
common iliac artery, gonadal artery
blood supply to the distal ureter (male and female)
internal iliac artery
Male - superior vesicle artery
Female - uterine artery
uterine artery lies _____ to the ureter
anterior
vas deferens lies ______ to the ureter
anterior
3 places where the ureter narrows
- uteropelvis junction
- pelvic brim
- where ureter enters bladder
where are kidney stones most likely to get stuck
areas where the ureter narrows
which bone is anterior to the bladder
pubic symphysis
name of space between the bladder and pubic symphysis
retropubic space
what type of muscle is in the bladder
detrusor
when the bladder is empty, where does it lie in the body?
only the pelvis
when the bladder fills, where does it extend to?
lower anterior abdominal wall
where can the bladder maximumly stretch to?
umbilicus level
how many surfaces does the bladder have?
4
how many regions does the bladder have?
4
Name the 4 regions of the bladder
body, apex, fundus (base), neck
name the 4 surfaces of bladder
superior
base/posterior
left and right inferolateral
what structures lie posterior to bladder in males (2)?
rectum
anus
what structures lie posterior to bladder in females (4)?
rectum
anus
uterus
vagina
in what position do the ureters enter the bladder?
posterolaterally
why do the ureters enter the bladder posterolaterally?
one way valve - prevent backflow of urine
name of tissue at the base of the urinary bladder
trigone
what is the trigone between?
urethra and ureter
normal capacity of the bladder
400-600mL
relaxing of the bladder muscles is which part of the autonomic NS?
parasympathetic
what is urinary retention
producing urine but cannot urinate
what is urinary incontinence
cannot voluntarily supress urination
treatment of urinary retention
catheterisation
what is suprapubic catheterisation
created a opening between the urinary bladder and the skin
at which point do the urethra and bladder communicate?
internal urethral orifice
name of point where urethra opens into the external environment
external urethral orifice
which region is the external urethral orifice located?
perineum
where is the external urethral orifice found in females?
vestibule of the vagina
where is the external urethral orifice found in males?
tip of penis
who has a longer external urethral orifice m/f?
males
who are more prone to UTIs m/f?
female
reason for UTI to be more common in females
shorter space - smaller distance for bacteria to travel
how many parts is the male urethra made from?
4
Name 4 male urethra parts from pelvis to perineum:
- pre-prostatic
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy
Section of male urethra: external orifice
spongy
Section of male urethra: neck of bladder to prostate
pre-prostatic
where does the prostatic urethra travel through?
prostate, ejaculatory ducts
Section of male urethra: pelvic floor, deep perineal pouch , sphincter
membranous
what does IVP stand for
intravenous pyelogram
how do kidney stones show up on an IVP?
radiopaque
