1. Upper respiratory tract and chest wall Flashcards
Where is the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
inferior meatus
what does the nasolacrimal duct link?
nasal cavity to eye
lower border of nasal cavity
hard palate
what separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
Soft palate
Which 2 tonsils are in the oral cavity?
lingual & palatine
What separates the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx?
Epiglottis
when swallowing, what does the epiglottis do and why?
Blocks trachea - stops food from entering it
which fold runs from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages?
Aryepiglottic fold
Other name for vestibular cords?
False vocal cords
Which are more superior? - true or false vocal cords?
False
What bone is the 1st ribbed tucked under?
Clavicle
Where is the facet on the rib, which articulates with the thoraric vertebra?
on the head of the rib
Other than the head of the rib, where else does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?
tubercle
Name of angle on ribs
costal angle
name of groove inferiorly on rib
costal groove
what cartilage does the rib articulate?
Costal cartilage
where is the suprasternal angle?
middle of manubrium (sternum)
Name of angle between manubrium and body of sternum?
Sternal angle
Most inferior section of sternum?
Xiphisternum
What part of the T vertebra articulates with the head of the rib?
Transverse process
Name 3 muscles in chest wall (superficial to deep)
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
Name 3 layers of muscle in intercostal spaces (superficial to deep)
- External intercostal
- Interal intercostal
- Innermost intercostal
Describe direction of fibres in external intercostal
negative correlation
Where does the external intercostal muscle get more thinner?
More anterior
where does the internal intercostal muscle get more thinner?
more posterior
between which intercostal muscles does the neurovascular bundle flow?
Internal and innermost intercostal muscles
Name order of neurovasuclar vessels (superior to inferior)
VAN
3 places the intercostal nerve supplies
- surrounding skin
- parietal pleura
- muscles of intercostal space
where does the internal thoracic arteries originate from?
subclavian artery (aorta)
where does the internal thoracic artery bifurcate?
6th intercostal space
what 2 places does the brances of thoracic artery supply?
- diaphragm
2. anterior abdominal wall
what is conditioning?
warming, moistening and removal of particles from inspired air
benefits of conditioning?
Removes pathogens
bone which is superior to nasal cavity
nasal bone
adaptations to membrane in nasal cavity
mucous ciliated membrane that has goblet cells
What are nasal polyps ?
swellings of nasal lining - can block sinuses
What are paranasal sinuses?
air filled extensions of nasal cavity in the skull
4 paranasal sinuses
ethmoid, sphenoidal, frontal and maxillae
Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus?
frontal and maxillar
which sinuses drain into the superior meatus?
sphenoidal and ethmoid
why is maxillary sinus more prone to infection?
located closest to drainage orifice - adequate drainage cannot take place
Name of infected maxillary sinuses
Maxillary sinusitis
why can maxillary sinusitis cause toothache?
sinus can swell due to inflammation and puts pressure on the molar teeth roots
2 places auditory tube links
middle ear and nasopharynx
which tonsil lies in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal
function of tonsils
remove pathogens
where is the tubul tonsil?
surrounding auditory tube
What is tonsillitus?
inflammation of tonsils
what compartment links the laryngopharynx to the trachea?
larynx
What do the laryngeal muscles do?
contract to narrow the laryngeal inlet
What procedure is carried out when a patient cannot breathe for themselves?
Endotracheal intubation
what equipment is used to hold the tongue out of the way so the vocal cords can be see?
laryngoscope
What is the rima glottidis?
the space between the vocal cords
What cancer can form in the larynx?
vocal cord cancer
symptoms of vocal cord cancer
- coughing
- sore throat
- lump in throat
- weight loss
- ear pain
Number of thoracic vertebrae?
12
Which thoracic vertebrae are Typical?
T2-T8
features of a typical vertebra
- heart shaped body
- 2 costal facets
how may acute fracture to the thoracic vertebrae occur?
RTA, fall from a height
what disease can lead to pathological vertebral fractures?
Osteoporosis
consequences of sternal fractures (2)
- difficulty breathing
- injury to heart and lungs
what is a median sternomy and why is it performed?
vertical incision along the sternum - gain access to heart/lungs
which ribs are atypical in terms of their articulations?
1,2,10,11,12
what are true ribs?
ribs that attach directly to sternum (1-7)
what are false ribs?
ribs that attach to one another and to 7th costal cartilage
what are floating ribs?
ribs that dont attach to sternum (11+12)
what is a cervical rib?
extra rib
problems of a cervical rib
presses on nerves and blood vessels - pain in neck and arm
muscles which move chest wall
intercostal muscles
what is a flial chest?
detachment of a segment of the rib cage
what structure of a rib protects the neurovascular bundle?
subcostal groove
where does the intercostal vein drain?
internal thoracic vein
which nerve runs inferior to the 12th rib?
subcostal nerve
