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CRR Anatomy > 4. Interior of the heart > Flashcards

4. Interior of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

which chamber of the heart makes up the base?

A

left atrium

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2
Q

Which has a thicker wall; right or left atrium?

A

left atrium

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3
Q

Through which vessels does the right atrium recieve deoxygenated blood?

A

superior and inferior vena cavae

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4
Q

What chamber of the heart makes up the right border?

A

right atrium

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5
Q

Which other vessel, apart from the vena cavae, drain into the right atrium?

A

coronary sinus

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6
Q

what are the pectinate muscles?

A

muscles in the wall of the atria

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7
Q

what are the crista terminalis?

A

vertical ridge of smooth myocardium in the right atrium

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8
Q

Name of foetal defect between right and left atria

A

foramen ovale

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9
Q

Purpose of foramen ovale in the foetus

A

allows a shunt of blood from the right to left atrium, bypassing the non-functional lungs

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10
Q

what happens to the foramen ovale after birth and what is the name of the wall it is in?

A

closes - interatrial septum

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11
Q

what does the interatrial septum separate?

A

the right and left atria

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12
Q

Name of marking of foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

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13
Q

what can occur if the foramen ovale remains open after birth?

A

deoxygenated and oxygenated blood can mix

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14
Q

what conditions can occur is the foramen ovale remains open? (3)

A
  1. Tricuspid valve stenosis
  2. Aneurysm
  3. Patent foramen ovale
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15
Q

Which ventricle wall has a triangular shape; R/L?

A

R

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16
Q

which ventricle forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left

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17
Q

which ventricle is thicker; R/L?

A

Left

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18
Q

What are trabeculuae carneae?

A

irregular muscular columns

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19
Q

where would you find the trabeculuae carneae?

A

ventricles

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20
Q

2 issues which are caused by leakage between heart chambers

A
  1. mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

2. change of pressure - damaging to heart and lungs

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21
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

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22
Q

How many cusps does the bicuspid/mitral valve have?

A

2

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23
Q

Another word for heart strings

A

chordae tendineae

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24
Q

Where are the chordae tendineae?

A

In the mitral and tricuspid valves

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25
Q

Where are the papillary muscles?

A
  • ventricles

- attached to the chordae tendineae

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26
Q

role of papillary muscles

A

contract to prevent collapse of valves during ventricular systole

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27
Q

When in the cardiac cycle do the AV valves close?

A

ventricular contraction

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28
Q

2 categories of dysfunction of the heart valves

A
  1. Incompetence/regurgitation

2. Stenosis

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29
Q

What happens to the valves during incompetence dysfunction?

A

they do not close properly

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30
Q

What happens to the valves during stenosis dysfunction?

A

the valve is narrowed

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31
Q

which valve dysfunction causes backflow of blood?

A

incompetence

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32
Q

In stenosis, what must occur for the blood to eject through the heart?

A

the preceeding chamber must work harder to generate more forceful contractions

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33
Q

Effect of tricuspid regurgitation

A

Backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

34
Q

effect of mitral stenosis

A

Left atrium has to work harder to pump blood to the left ventricle

35
Q

Function of semilunar valves

A

allow unidirectional blood flow out of heart

36
Q

Structure of semilunar valves

A

crescent shaped cusps

37
Q

where are the aortic sinuses?

A

from the wall of the aorta to the aortic valves

38
Q

effect of aortic stenosis

A

left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood to the aorta

39
Q

when do congenital malformations arise?

A

embryological development

40
Q

how long do people have congenital heart malformations?

A

since they were born

41
Q

2 common types of congenital heart malformations

A
  1. atrial septal defect (ASD)

2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

42
Q

How does atrial septal defect arise?

A

incomplete closer of formane in interatrial septum

43
Q

Blood flow in ASD

A

from left atrium to right atrium to right ventricle

44
Q

Problems caused by ASD (2)

A
  1. Enlarged R atrium and ventricle

2. Dilated pulmonary trunk

45
Q

how does ventricular septal defect occur?

A

incomplete closure of interventricular septum

46
Q

blood flow in VSD

A

left to right ventricles

47
Q

problems caused by VSD (2)

A

hypertension

cardiac failure

48
Q

Consequences of patent ductus arteiosus

A

shortness of breath - congestive heart failure

49
Q

Name of congenital abornmality where the arch of the aorta/descending aorta is locally contstricted

A

coarctation of aorta

50
Q

where does coarctation of the aorta commonly occur?

A

inferior to the origin of the left subclavian artery

51
Q

collateral circulation of the coarctation of the aorta

A 
left sub. artery 
L. internal thoracic artery
anterior intercostal artery
posterior intercostal artery 
thoracic aorta
52
Q

Where is a moderator band usually placed?

A

R ventricular apex between the papillary muscle and ventricular septum

53
Q

what is a moderator band?

A

muscular band of tissue

54
Q

Function of moderator band

A

Carries AV bundle to the papillary muscle - allows for faster conduction

55
Q

Which muscles are on the inside wall of the right atria

A

pectinate muscles

56
Q

Describe surface of inside of R Atrium

A

smooth

57
Q

name of line of separation between inside and wall of atria

A

cristae terminalis

58
Q

name of separation between the atria

A

interatrial septum

59
Q

where does the fossa ovalis lie

A

in the interatrial septum

60
Q

where is the opening for the coronary sinus, in relation to the fossa ovalis?

A

inferior

61
Q

Name of muscle in the ventricular wall

A

trabeculae carnae

62
Q

what do the chordae tendinae attach?

A

cusps and the papillary muscle

63
Q

when do the chordae tendinae contract?

A

when the ventricles contract

64
Q

role of chordae tendinae

A

prevents backflow of blood to the atria

65
Q

how many cusps in the pulmonary valve?

A

3

66
Q

how many cusps in the aortic valve?

A

3

67
Q

Describe the wall and the interior surface of the left atrium

A

smooth

68
Q

what separates the superior and inferior mediastinum? (2)

A
  1. sternal angle

2. intevertebral disc between 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae

69
Q

where does the anterior mediastinum lie between?

A

heart and sternum

70
Q

what is contained within the anterior mediastinum

A

remnants of the thymus gland

71
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

heart and pericardial sac

72
Q

what 3 arteries make up the arch of aorta (left to right)

A
  1. L. subclavian artery
  2. L. common carotid artery
  3. brachiocephalic trunk
73
Q

where do the subclavian arteries supply?

A

upper limbs

74
Q

where do the common carotid arteries supply?

A

head, neck and brain

75
Q

what 2 arteries does the brachiocephalic bifurcate into, name the position also.

A

right subclavian artery - right

right common carotid artery - left

76
Q

between which arteries does the trachea lie?

A

left common carotid artery and brachiocephalic trunk

77
Q

where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

between the descending aorta and the azygous vein

78
Q

Name 3 branches of the descending aorta

A
  1. bronchial arteries
  2. oesophageal arteries
  3. posterior intercostal arteries
79
Q

role of thoracic duct

A

carries lymph back to venous system

80
Q

flow of lymph through the thoracic duct

A

lower region, abdomen
posterior mediastinum
brachiocephalic vein

CRR Anatomy (7 decks)

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