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Histology final > 5. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

5. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Mastication (chewing)

A

salivary glands secrete enzymes (start of chemical digestion)

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2
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymatic

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3
Q

secretion

A

largely reabsorbed

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4
Q

glands

A

accessory digestion glands

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5
Q

muscularis

A

smooth muscle
externa, mucosa

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6
Q

enteric nervous system

A

organization, controls movement + mixing of food

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7
Q

hormone release

A

control + regulation

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8
Q

absorption

A

nutrients- energy, growth

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9
Q

elimination

A

feces, undigestible material

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10
Q

esophagus

A

transit (mouth - stomach)

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11
Q

stomach

A

acid peptic digestion

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12
Q

large intestine

A

reabsorption of fluid
microbiome (bacteria)
problem– diarrhea- dehydration

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13
Q

small intestine

A

digestion continued
majority of absorption

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14
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

digestive organs

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15
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle layer
mucosal motility
boundary between mucosa and submucosa

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16
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue

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17
Q

submucosal nerve plexus

A

regulates secretion by glands and motility smooth muscle (contraction)

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18
Q

muscularis

A

controls motility of 2 large smooth muscle layes

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19
Q

what are the two muscularis smooth muscle layers?

A

inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

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20
Q

what are both of the muscularis layers important for?

A

parstalis (wave moving food down) and segmentation moving food back and forth (mixing)

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21
Q

serosa

A

loose CT
blood vessels etc
covered by mesothelium
present in body cavity

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22
Q

ESAPHAGUS skeletal muscle (smooth muscle)

A

voluntary swallow
involuntary processes (THROWING UP)

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23
Q

esophageal mucous glands

A

submucosal
mucous does not stain
lubrication for transit

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24
Q

stomach

A

secrete mucous (forms barrier for stomach to protect itself)

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25
Q

what do fundus and the body do

A

secrete acid and pepsin

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26
Q

what are the main 4 parts of the stomach

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus
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27
Q

rugae

A

folds in stomach wall

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28
Q

gastric glands

A

simple branched tubular glands
in fundus and body region

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29
Q

parietal cells

A

eosinophilic (abundant mitochondria)
secrete HCL acid
proton pump - use ATP to pump acid against conc gradient in stomach

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30
Q

chief cells

A

basophilic (abundant rough ER for secretion)
making pepsinogen

31
Q

H+ pump in inactive state (parietal cell)

A

present in in tuboloviscular system
in vesicle only secretes acid into vesicle
enclosed state

32
Q

H+ pump in active state

A

acid secreted into apical lumen space
rapid secretion of acid
tuboloviscular system merges w apical membrane

33
Q

enteroendocrine

A

not sensing anything in the lumen
dense core of vesicles containing peptide hormone

34
Q

small intestine has a large _____

A

surface area

35
Q

characteristics of the small intestine

A

circular folds
intestinal villi
microvilli
very long intestinal length

36
Q

what does the small intestine do when it is ready for digestion/absorption

A

increases sa and volume/capacity

37
Q

eosinophic granules

A

release contents into crypts
base of intestinal crypt

38
Q

local vs distant effect

A

local (paracrine)- released affecting close cells
distant (endocrine)- released into blood stream

39
Q

can chylomicrons (lipids) enter the blood stream via fenestrated capillaries?

A

no too large

40
Q

why are duodenal glands important?

A

secretion is alkaline
recieving acid chyme of stomach
help neutralize acidic chyme

41
Q

what is the lateral intercellular space indicitave of? (colon mucosa)

A

water reabsorption

42
Q

accessory organs/glands

A

secretion faciliate transport and digestion

43
Q

salivary glands

A

mastication (chewing) mechanical and chemical breakdown

44
Q

pancreas

A

contributes enzymes for intestinal digestion
( proteases, lipases, amylases, DNAase, RNAase)

45
Q

liver

A

bile for imulsification of fat
important for processing absorbed nutrients

46
Q

what is the total secretion in L that the large intestine reabsorbes?

A

8 L

47
Q

what are the three major sets of paired glands

A
  1. parotid salivary gland
  2. sublingual salivary gland
  3. submandibular salivary gland
48
Q

sublingual salivary gland

A

just beneath the tongue
largely mucous-type secretion

49
Q

submandibular salivary gland

A

sermucous secretion (mix of serous + mucous)

50
Q

parotid salivary gland

A

produces watery/serous saliva (protein as enzymes)
amylase + antimicrobial peptides

51
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

contractile- squeeze to help w/ secretion

52
Q

striated ducts

A

carry secretions
modify secretions
basolateral infolding
involved in ion transport

53
Q

what two cells stain nice with H + E

A

serous and acinis

54
Q

demilune

A

serous cells associated w mucous cells

55
Q

duodenum

A

input from pancreus + bile duct

56
Q

intercalated duct

A

produce alkaline fluid
neutralize acidity of chyme

57
Q

zymogen granules

A

inductive proenzymes
activated in the lumen of the intestins

58
Q

acinus

A

any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed berry

59
Q

endocine pancreas

A

well vascularized (blood vessels)
transport hormones

60
Q

alpha cells (endocrine pancreas)

A

produce glucogen for glucose mobilization
deep brown/purple

61
Q

beta cells (endocrine pancreas)

A

brownish/orange w fuchsin stain
for glucose storage

62
Q

what type of relationship do insulin and glucogen have?

A

antagonistic relationship

63
Q

islets

A

islands of tissue

64
Q

liver

A

metabolically very active
highly diverse function

65
Q

hepatocytes

A

arranged in plate-like organization
blood flows between

66
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

capillaries with large holes

67
Q

branch of hepatic portal vein

A

contains blood from instestine (nutrient rich)

68
Q

branch of hepatic artery

A

delivers oxygenated blood to liver

69
Q

hepatocytes (hepatic lobule)

A

irregular branching of plates

70
Q

hepatocyte functions

A

glucose stored as glycogen in cell
lipids form droplets in cell–> not adipose cells

70
Q

hepatocyte functions

A

glucose stored as glycogen in cell
lipids form droplets in cell–> not adipose cells

71
Q

bile caniculus

A

on apical membrane
bile secretion

72
Q

perisinusoidal space

A

gap between endothelial and cell

Histology final (13 decks)

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