5. Neoplasia

Question 1

Benign vs malignant

Answer 1

Basal polarity loss
Pleomorphism
Nc ratio High
Anisonucleosis
Nuclear hyperchromatism
Nucleoli prominent
Abnormal mitotic figures
Thmor giant cell
Increased mucin
DNA aneuploidy

Question 2

Metastasis cascade

Answer 2

Aggressive clonal proliferation

Tumor cell loosening

Degradation of ecm

Local invasion

Intravasation

Circulation of tumor cells

Extravasation angiogenesis

Micro metastasis colonisation

Question 3

Molecular hallmarks of cancer

Answer 3

Altered signalling
Growth promoting oncogene
Tumor suppressor gene

Favor survival altered stress response
Mutator genes DNA damage repair
Apoptosis regulatory genes
Evade senescence telomerase
Autophagy recycling

Vascularization
Tumor angiogenesis
Other modes

Invasion and metastasis

Growth promoting metabolism Warburg effect
Excessive nutrient acquisition
Altered metabolic pathway
Oncometabolies

Tumor microenvironment

Immune modulation host
Tumor antigens
Anti tumor immune response
Escape from immune surveillance

Question 4

Carcinogens

Answer 4

.