5. Motivation Flashcards
What is performance dependent on
motivation x ability
What is ability
mental or physical capacity to do something
what is motivation and what does it depend on?
f(effort, persistence, goal) – extent to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal
• Effort – how hard a person tries
• Persistence – how long a person tries
• Goal – objective that person tries to reach
Content-based theories
May have many limitations but provided empirical evidence that people have many needs. If they are fulfilled, people are motivated. Also foundation of contemporary theories. Includes Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, mcclelland’s
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
assumes motivation driven by human needs
1. Physiological needs - hunger, thirst, shelter
2. Safety needs – security and protection from physical, emotional harms
3. Social needs – needs for having social relationship with others
4. Esteem needs – self-respect, recognition
5. Self-actualisation – needs for achieving one’s full potential
After lower needs satisfied, next need becomes dominant. Intuitive way to think about different needs but order does not always hold up in reality.
Meaningfulness
work that is experienced as particularly significant and holds positive interpretations in the context of life
McClelland’s theory of needs
based on Maslow but only three and no hierarchy
- Need for Achievement – achieve personal goals and strive to succeed
- Need for Power – make others behave in a way they would not behave otherwise
- Need for Affiliation – need for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
Expectancy theory and its advantage
process based theory that is dependent on expectancy, instrumentality, valency
Model is well supported, but performance is not always measurable and organisations should create “personalised” rewards to increase valence
What are the three processes of expectancy theory?
- Expectancy: effort to performance – need ability, well defined performance goals, trustworthy performance evaluation system
- Instrumentality: performance to rewards – good understanding of the relationship, trustworthy (within-subject reliability) fair (between-subject reliability) as people are hyper-sensitive to violations of fairness (Monkeys reject unequal pay)
- Valence: rewards to personal goals – do they reflect the needs
Self-determination theory
theory of human motivation that concerns intrinsic motivation has stronger effects on performance, and that money undermines sense of self-determination once money is received for action
types of motivation
- Intrinsic motivation – motivation caused by internal factors to satisfy individual’s fundamental needs, improved using methods like recognition
- Extrinsic motivation – caused by external factors such as money
verdict on self-determination theory
Recent evidence: both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is important. Extrinsic motivation does not undermine performance but instead increases it. But when incentives are low, factors increasing intrinsic motivation becomes more important. SDT wrong on this conclusion.
recognition
Recognition fulfils fundamental needs such as need for affiliation and esteem needs, which in turn increase performance
Hanoi Rat hunt lesson
unintended consequences of monetary incentives as you display the behaviour incentivised as not the behaviours wanted
Social exchange theory
where reciprocity norm is universal and people exchange resources in kind
