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AHNNA > 5. Embryology Of Head And Neck > Flashcards

5. Embryology Of Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endoderm tube develop into?

A

Glandular development:

  • parathyroid
  • thymus
  • palatine tonsils
  • thyroid
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2
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

Comprised of a system of mesenchymal proliferations in the neck region
5 in total (1-6, 5 does not form)
Together will frontonasal prominence constitute the building blocks for the head and neck region

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3
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch have?

A

An associated artery, nerve (cranial nerve) and cartilage bar

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with pharyngeal apparatus?

A

CNV, VII, IX, X

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5
Q

Where do muscles of mastication originate from?

A

Pharyngeal arch 1 derivatives

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6
Q

Where do muscles of facial expression originate from?

A

Pharyngeal arch 2 derivatives

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7
Q

What muscles derives from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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8
Q

What muscles derive from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Cricothyroid
Levator palatini
Constrictors of the pharynx

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9
Q

What muscle derives from the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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10
Q

What do the cartilages of first pharyngeal arch become?

A

Malleus and incus plus a template for formation of the mandible

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11
Q

What do the cartilages for the second pharyngeal arch become?

A

Stapes plus upper part of hyoid bone

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12
Q

What do the cartilages of the third pharyngeal arch become?

A

Remainder of thyroid bone

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13
Q

What do the cartilages of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches become?

A

Cartilages of the larynx

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14
Q

What happens to the 1st and 2nd arch arteries?

A

Disappear

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15
Q

What does the 3rd arch artery become?

A

Internal carotid artery

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16
Q

What does the 4th arch artery become?

A

Arch of aorta (L) and brachiocephalic (R)

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17
Q

What does the 6th arch artery become?

A

Pulmonary arch

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18
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

Endoderm lined pockets in the pharynx

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19
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch become?

A

Tympanic cavity

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20
Q

What does development of the pharyngeal pouches result in?

A

Formation of palatine tonsils and parathyroid glands and the thymus

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21
Q

Which is the only pharyngeal cleft that remains and what does it become?

A

1st cleft

Becomes external acoustic meatus

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22
Q

What happens to most of the pharyngeal clefts?

A

2nd arch grows down to cover them, obliterating them

23
Q

What happens if the 2nd arch does not develop normally and does not cover all clefts?

A

Branchial cyst may form

Branchial fistula may form

24
Q

What drives development of the face?

A

Expansion of the cranial neural tube
Appearance of a complex tissue system
Development of the sense organs and the need to separate respiratory tract from GI tract

25
Q

What forms the facial primordia?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

Frontonasal prominence

26
Q

What are the components of the face embryologically?

A

Stomatodeum - buccopharyngeal membrane
Frontonasal prominence
1st pharyngeal arch - maxillary and mandibular prominences

27
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence develop into?

A

Forehead
Bridge of nose
Nose
Philtrum

28
Q

What does the maxillary prominence develop into?

A

Cheeks
Lateral upper lip
Lateral upper jaw

29
Q

What does the mandibular prominence develop into?

A

Lower lip and jaw

30
Q

How does the nose develop?

A
  • Nasal placodes appear on frontonasal prominence
  • Then sink to become the nasal pits
  • Medial and lateral nasal prominences form on either side of the pits
  • Maxillary prominences grow medially, pushing the nasal prominences closer together in the midline
  • Maxillary prominences fuse with medial nasal prominences
  • medial nasal prominences then fuse in midline
31
Q

How are the nasal and oral cavities separated?

A

Fusion of medial nasal prominences creates the intermaxillary segment

  • labial component: philtrum
  • upper jaw: 4 incisors
  • palate: primary palate
32
Q

What is a lateral cleft lip?

A

Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

33
Q

What is a cleft lip and cleft palate?

A

Combined failure of palatal shelves to meet in midline

34
Q

What component of the ear develops from the 1st pharyngeal cleft?

A

External auditory meatus

35
Q

What do the middle ear cavity and ossicles develop from?

A

1st pharyngeal pouch and cartilages of 1st and 2nd arches

36
Q

What do auricles develop from?

A

Proliferation within the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches surrounding the meatus

37
Q

Where does the tongue lie?

A

Partly in the oral cavity and partly in the pharynx

38
Q

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

39
Q

What separates the anterior 2/3 from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Sulcus terminalis

40
Q

What is the point of the sulcus terminalis called?

A

Foramen cecum

41
Q

When do the primordia of the tongue appear?

A

At same time as palate begins to form

42
Q

Which pharyngeal arch contributes to the tongue?

A

All of them

43
Q

What do the 2 lateral lingual swellings develop from?

A

Pharyngeal arch 1

44
Q

What do the 3 median lingual swellings develop from?

A

Pharyngeal arch 1 - tuberculum impar
Pharyngeal arch 2,3,4 - cupola
Pharyngeal arch 4 - epiglottal swelling

45
Q

How is the lingual frenulum formed?

A

Extensive degeneration occurs, freeing tongue from the floor of the oral cavity

46
Q

Where does the primordium of the thyroid gland appear?

A

In floor of pharynx between the tuberculum impar and cupola

47
Q

Where is the point of origin for the descent of the thyroid?

A

Marked y the foramen cecum

48
Q

What happens in the descent of the thyroid?

A

Bifurcated and descendsas a bi-lobed diverticulum connected by the isthmus

49
Q

How does the thyroid gland remain connected to the tongue?

A

By the thyroglossal duct

50
Q

What are some thyroid abnormalities?

A

Thyroglossal cysts and fistulae

Ectopic thyroid tissue

51
Q

What structures in the developing face must rise to form the upper lip and jaw?

A

Maxillary prominence and medial nasal prominences

52
Q

To what structures in the head and neck do neural crest cells contribute?

A

Cartilage bars in each of the pharyngeal arches leading to development of the skeleton of the face

53
Q

What structures develop from the 3rd and 4th pouches?

A

Parathyroid glands and thymus

AHNNA (18 decks)

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