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AHNNA > 1. General Organisation Of The Head And Neck > Flashcards

1. General Organisation Of The Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skull also called?

A

Cranium

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2
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

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3
Q

What are the groups of muscles in the head?

A

Muscles of facial expression

Muscles of mastication (chewing)

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4
Q

What are the 2 key nerves in the head?

A

Facial nerve

Trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

What are the 2 key blood vessels that supply the face?

A

Facial artery and vein

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of muscles of facial expression?

A

Dilators or sphincters

Attach to bone, the skin/fascia of the face, and other muscles

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of muscles of mastication/

A

Open or close the jaw

Act on the temporomandibular joint

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8
Q

What is the facial nerve also called?

A

Cranial nerve VII

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9
Q

How many extra-cranial branches does the facial nerve have?

A

5

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10
Q

What are the 5 key extra-cranial branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccaneers
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
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11
Q

What is the trigeminal nerve also known as?

A

Cranial nerve V

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12
Q

What is the main role of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Main sensory nerve of face and scalp

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13
Q

What are the 3 key branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Va ophthalmic division
Vb maxillary division
Vc mandibular division

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14
Q

What information do the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions carry?

A

Sensory

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15
Q

What information does the mandibular division carry?

A

Sensory and motor

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16
Q

What does the facial artery branch off from?

A

External carotid artery

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17
Q

What are the main blood vessels that supply and drain the facial structures?

A

Facial artery and vein

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18
Q

At what cervical vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate into its two terminal branches, internal and external carotid arteries?

A

C4

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19
Q

Which nerve carries general sensory information from the cheek area?/

A

Maxillary nerve

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20
Q

Which artery, a branch from the common carotid artery, gives no branches while running in the neck?

A

Internal carotid artery

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21
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve carries general sensory innervation from the tip of the nose?

A

Ophthalmic

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22
Q

Which extracranial branch of the facial nerve runs towards the forehead?

A

Temporal

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23
Q

Which extra cranial branch of the facial nerve runs through the face at the level of the fleshy part of the cheek?

A

Buccal

24
Q

The union of which two veins forms the brachiocephalic vein on both the left and right side of the body?

A

Subclavian and internal jugular vein

25
Q

What are the palpable structures in the neck?

A

Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland

26
Q

What are the muscles of the neck?

A 
Platysma 
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene muscles
Supra and infra hyoid
27
Q

Which is the most superficial neck muscle?

A

Platysma

28
Q

What is the role of platysma?

A

When contracted, furrow the skin and make the skin taut

Can pull down lower part of mouth and cause grimace

29
Q

What is the role of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Rotates chin to opposite direction

30
Q

What is the nerve to the platysma?

A

Facial nerve - cervical branch

31
Q

What is the nerve to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Cranial nerve - accessory nerve

32
Q

What is the nerve to the trapezius muscle?

A

Cranial nerve - accessory nerve

33
Q

What makes up the anterior triangle in the neck?

A

Anterior border of SCM
Midsagittal line of neck
Inferior border of mandible

34
Q

What makes up the posterior triangle in the neck?

A

Anterior - posterior border of SCM
Posterior - anterior border of trapezius
Inferior - clavicle

35
Q

What form the floor of the posterior triangle?

A

Scalene muscles

36
Q

What structure runs obliquely across the posterior triangle?

A

Omohyoid muscle (infrahyoid)

37
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior - digastric (posterior belly)
Anterior- omohyoid (superior belly)
Lateral - anterior border of SCM

38
Q

What is found in the carotid triangle?

A

Bifurcation of the carotid artery to internal and external branches
Can also palpate their pulse

39
Q

What are the roles of fascial layers?

A

Form natural planes
Ease of movement between structures e.g. when swallowing
Can restrict but also permit spread of infection

40
Q

Where does the carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C4

41
Q

At what level does the oesophagus start?

A

C6

42
Q

In a patient with a retropharangeal abscess, why is swallowing and movement of the neck typically difficult and painful?

A

Abscess may press onto oesophagus and make swallowing difficult, causes drooling
Space becomes narrower and layers of fascia unable to slide so causes pain in movement

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Bell’s palsy?

A 
Weakness on one side of your face
Drooping eyelid or mouth 
Drooling
Dry eye
Usually unable to raise eyebrows
44
Q

Which nerve is affected in Bell’s palsy?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

45
Q

Which muscles are affected in Bell’s palsy?

A 
Orbicularis oculi
Frontalis 
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Platysma
46
Q

What is the function of the platysma?

A

Depresses angles of mouth, also used to tense skin of neck

47
Q

What are the functions of both parts of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Orbital - voluntary closure of eyelids (forced squeezing)

Palpebral - closes eyelids gently

48
Q

What are the functions of both parts of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Frontalis - elevate eyebrows and wrinkle forehead

Occipital - retracts scalp

49
Q

What is the function of the orbicularis oris?

A

Closes mouth, compresses and protrudes lips

50
Q

What is the function of the buccinator?

A

Compresses cheek against molar teeth

51
Q

What is the function of the dilator muscles of the lips?

A

Elevate the upper lip and draw it laterally

52
Q

What are the functions of the pterygoids?

A

Lateral - bilateral actions assists in depressing mandible (opens jaw), also protrudes mandible
Medial - bilateral contraction assists with elevation of mandible (closes jaw), can protrude mandible

53
Q

What is the function of the masseter?

A

Elevates and protrudes mandible

54
Q

What is the function of the temporalis?

A

Elevates and retracts mandible

55
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Neck ipsilateral flexion, neck contralateral rotation

56
Q

What is the function of the trapezius?

A

Draws scapula superomedially, extension of head and neck, arterial flexion of head and neck, rotation of head, draws scapula medially and inferomedially

57
Q

What is the function of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Elevates superior eyelid

AHNNA (18 decks)

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