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1001 Biology > 5. Daily defence > Flashcards

5. Daily defence Flashcards

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1
Q

immune system

A
  • defend body against harmful substances
  • all elements of tissue repair
  • surveillance of body cells for abnormalities of cell division
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2
Q

Immunocompetent

A

= normal immune response

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3
Q

Types of disease resistance (3)

A
  1. nonspecific resistance (innate immunity)
  2. Specific immunity (adaptive immunity)
  3. Lymphatic system
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4
Q

Non specific resistance (innate)

A

= Present at birth and includes defence mechanisms that provide general protection against invasive by a wide range of pathogens

  • born with this immunity
  • includes the first 2 lines of defence
  1. barriers
  2. internal defences - immune cells or substances that treat all foreign cells the same
    - phagocytes, NK cells, interferons, inflammation fever
    - complement proteins - cascade effect that destroys target cells promotes inflammation
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5
Q

White blood cells (5 components)

A

= cells in immune system that are involved in protecting the body against infectious disease and invading pathogens

  1. neutrophils - short lived cells that phagocytose bacteria
  2. Lymphocytes - T and B cells
    - mostly found in lymphoid tissues - specific immune
  3. monocytes - became macrophages in tissues - longer lived
  4. Eosinophils - attack parasitic worms - involved in asthma and allergy
  5. Basophils - release histamine and heparin involved inflammatory response
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6
Q

Inflammation

A

= non specific localised tissue response to tissue damage which has occurred through injury of infection

  • damaged cells release number of chemicals including complement which initiate inflammatory response
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7
Q

4 signs and symptoms of inflammation

A
  1. Redness
    - due to vasodilation and increased blood supply to the
    area
  2. Heat
    - due to increased blood supply to area
    - increases phagocytes to area
  3. Swelling
    - due to increase vascular permeability and accumulation of exudate
  4. Pain
    - due to increased pressure on nerve ending from swelling/ oedema

If none of these work there will be systemic response leading to fever

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8
Q

What is the complement system (cascade)

A

= part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damage cells from organisms, promote inflammation and attack pathogen cell membrane

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9
Q

Specific immunity (adaptive)

A

= involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign disease

  • ability of the body to defend it self
  • has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types
  1. cell mediated
  2. antibody mediated
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10
Q

Specific immune cells and functions:

B Lymphocytes

A

= all about antibodies

  • become plasma cells which produce antibodies
  • bone marrow
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11
Q

Specific immune cells and functions:

T lymphocytes

A

= for cell mediated immunity, directed against intracellular antigens
(antigens on viruses)

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12
Q

Specific immune cells and functions:

T helper

A
  • control humoral immune response of B cells, produce interleukins and promote cell multiplication
  • essential for activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
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13
Q

Specific immune cells and functions:

T cytotoxic

A
  • effector cells of mediated immunity, releases lethal lytic chemicals that kill cells on contact
  • when come into contact with cell they release chemical that kill cell
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14
Q

Specific immune cells and functions:

T suppressor cells

A
  • damp down immune response

- deactivate the immune response once the antigen is no longer present

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15
Q

Specific immune cells and functions:

Memory T cells

A

= remain in the lymph nodes ready to respond quickly to a second infection with the same antigen

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16
Q

Specific immune response to antigen

A

= primary immune response follows the first exposure to an antigen (slow 2 weeks)

17
Q

What is IgM

A

= the largest antibody and first to arrive at the scene after initial exposure to antigen

18
Q

what is IgG

A

= created and released by plasma B cells and each have two binding sites

  • activates the classical pathway of the complement system, a cascade of immune protein production that results in pathogen elimination
  • binds and neutralises toxins
  • important role in antibody depends cell mediated cytotoxity (ADCC)
  • rapid and effective with specialised memory B and T cells becoming activated and generating large quantities of antibodies of the igG within 2-3 days of re exposure
19
Q

What is Cell-mediated immunity

A
  • foreign material is engulfed by macrophage which then display the antigen attached to their MHC molecule
  • helper T cells activated to release cytokine chemicals which activate the cloning of millions of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells specific to antigen
20
Q

What is Antibody mediated

A
  • antigen recognised and bound
  • helper T cells co-stimulate to B cell so the B cell can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells to produce antibodies
21
Q

Active immunity vs passive immunity

A

Active = long lasting immunity in which memory cells adn antibodies are produced and maintained in latent state

Passive = acquired buy transfer of antibodies from an immune person to non immune person
e.g. birth through milk

22
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

= body system that carries out immune response is lymphatic system

Functions:

  1. drain interstitial fluid
  2. Transport dietary fats
  3. Carry out immune response
23
Q

Homeostatic imbalance (allergies)

A
  • allergies occur when a person is over reactive to a substance that is well tolerated by most others
  • 4 types of hypersensitivity
  • autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to display self-tolerance and instead attacks the persons own body tissue.
24
Q

Lines of defence

A
  1. Mechanical barrier that protect the non-specific and aims to prevent any pathogen from entering the body
  2. Mechanisms operate when pathogens have succeeded entering the body
  3. defence is specific and mediated by lymphocytes
25
Q

Blood groups

A

A
B
AB
O

1001 Biology (7 decks)

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